Doped insulators

Although optical spectra of lanthanide-doped insulating nanociystals embedded in amorphous matrices are very similar to the free-standing nanocrystal counterparts, their excited state dynamics behaves very differently from that in simple nanocrystals. Some distinct dynamic properties have recently been found for nanocrystals embedded in polymers or glasses. Simple models for the interaction between lanthanide ions and the matrices were also proposed. However, further studies are needed in order to quantitatively understand the observed size-dependence and dynamic mechanisms. 

So far, we have considered open electron systems. We would, however, like to apply the concepts introduced above to electrical and electrochemical devices that consist of metals and/or doped insulators. Solid phases, such as metals and insulators do not contain electrons only. For instance, a metal consists of a regular array of core ions, and more or less freely moving electrons (the electron gas). However, as long as we discuss the transfer or directed motion of solely electrons, the concept of the chemical potential of the electrons in a (solid) phase remains valuable. 

R-doped semiconductors and single-mode semiconductor lasers by coupling to R-doped insulators... 

S, L, and J are the total spin angular momentum, total orbital angular momentum, and total angular momentum, respectively. In a Ln -doped insulator, the coordination of anions aroimd the Ln cation produces an electrostatic field having a symmetry lower than spherical. As a result, the 2J + l)-fold degeneracy of the multiplets in the free ion case is partially or completely... 

J. I. Kaplan, Numerical solution of the equation governing nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation in a paramagnetic-spin-doped insulator, Phys. Rev. B3, 604-607 (1971). 

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