DNP via the Cross Effect and Thermal Mixing

the CE and TM require that the inhomogeneous EPR linewidth A is larger than the nuclear Larmor frequency (A cu ), while the homogenous width must be 

TM is similar to the CE but has been developed using a different theoretical model, specifically the cmicept of spin temperature based on the Provotov theory [1, 72], in which spin systems are treated as thermodynamic ensembles. 

Qualitatively, TM can be interpreted as a transition from the CE towards an electron spin ensemble, arising from manifolds of states. TM requires high radical concentrations causing a homogenously broadened spectmm arising from strong electron interactions. 

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