Disturbances factors

The described procedure, applied to the comparison of UV spectra, was proved to be stable in respect of the variation of the conditions of measurements and other disturbing factors. 

As final solution formats, interval vector decision policies, X p, replace their pointwise counterparts, x p. Thus, a decision policy, Xpp, in the context of this section is an interval vector whose components are intervals of decision variables associated with one or more of the infimal decision units. No connection variables or disturbance factors are involved in their definition ... 

In summary, a practical realization of FEDs for the pure electrostatic detection of charged macromolecules by their intrinsic molecular charge, especially in high ionic-strength solutions such as physiological conditions, seems to be problematic. All the above discussed disturbing factors, together with a possible undesired adsorption or... 

Copper production is quite a complex process to plan and to schedule due to the many process interdependencies (shared continuous casters and cranes, emission level restrictions, limited material availability, to name a few). This makes it very difficult to foresee the overall consequences of a local decision. The variability of the raw material has alone a significant impact on the process, various disturbances and equipment breakdowns are common, daily maintenance operations are needed and material bottlenecks occur from time to time. The solution that is presented here considers simultaneously, and in a rigorous and optimal way, the above mentioned aspects that affect the copper production process. As a consequence, this scheduling solution supports reducing the impact of various disturbance factors. It enables a more efficient production, better overall coordination and visualization of the process, faster recovery from disturbances and supports optimal... 

It is becoming recognized that something fundamental underlies the almost universal tendency of gaseous changes to take place in contact with a solid surface more readily than in the gas phase, and that the wall-effect is not to be dismissed as merely a disturbing factor . But before this difficult question can be approached some preliminary matters relating to the mode of action of the solid surface must be considered. 

Randomization is also an important idea in the design of experiments. It has to do with the random sequence of doing trials so as to annul the influence of systematic factors, which are difficult to stabilize and control. In this way one of the main concepts of classical experiment, having to do with the necessity of fixing disturbance factors, is disrupted. Randomization is the means used to eliminate any bias in the experimental units and/or treatment of combinations-trials. If the data are random it is safe to assume that they are independently distributed. Errors associated with experimental units, which are adjacent in time or space will tend to be correlated, thus violating the assumption of independence. Randomization helps to make this correlation as small as possible so that the analyses can be carried out as though the assumption of independence were true. 

Nevertheless, the arbitrariness, both in the choice and in the development of the successive trials, remains a disturbing factor in a discipline whose essential means of study is formed by information machines. Why cannot the logic which requires one trial after another be itself a programme ... 

Stringent control of environment conditions and proper animal care techniques are mandatory for meaningful results. As part of such control, access to animal facilities should be monitored to prevent excessive traffic and other disturbances. Factors such as housing conditions, intercurrent disease, drug therapy, impurities in diet, air, water, and bedding can significantly influence the outcome of experiments. 

So far, magnetic anisotropies have been discussed as a rather disturbative factor for soft magnetic properties. However, if properly controlled, they can be a powerful tool in order to tailor the shape of the hysteresis loop according to the demands of application [10],... 

In addition to all these complications of regular homogeneous reactions there are four additional enemies of simplicity which are sometimes disturbing factors—often unsuspected. They are air, moisture, light and surface walls. These will be discussed in later chapters. 

In elderly patients, depression may mimic dementia, and in the elderly confused patient in hospital, it may be difficult to distinguish between dementia and delirium in which there is fluctuating confusion, poor attention and changes in arousal secondary to underlying physiological disturbance. Factors distinguishing between dementia and delirium are shown in Table 32.1. 

One disturbing factor about this research is the extensive use of H bonding materials (water, dioxane, diethyl ether, benzene, ethanol, acetone, aniline, and ethylene glycol) as solvents, with occasional use... 

I would first emphasize that the formula (1) is derived for free atoms. There are three reasons why the scattering factor may be different for atoms bound in a crystal. Firstly, there is a potential jump, usually of the order of 10 volts, at the crystal surface. This will cause a refraction of the electron beam. Secondly, the wave scattered from any atom may be scattered again by another atom. Neither of these disturbing factors will greatly affect the scattered intensity for electrons of energy above, say, 2000 volts. Thirdly, the atoms in the crystal may be deformed or ionized by the neighbouring atoms. This third cause will be discussed later. 

In order to obtain a pure product in a good yield, the reaction should be carried out below 80 C., because at higher temperature the formation of ammonium acetate becomes a disturbing factor. The reaction proceeds with sufficient speed and completeness at ordinary temperatures and neither heating nor cooling are therefore necessary which reduces the cost of apparatus. 

Pirson, S.J., 1946. Disturbing factors in geochemical prospecting. Geophysics, 11 312-320. 

---