Directed interfacial energy contrast

In contrast to the top-down approach, a bottom-up approach to tissue fabrication may be achieved by the assembly of repeating subunits in a predictable and directed manner to form larger functional and organized stmctures. In this regard, self-assembly may be defined as the preferential organization and linkage of micrometer-scale stmctures by interactions based upon shape, chemical moieties, or interfacial energy. 

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