Direct long-distance

Thus far we have discussed the direct mechanism of dissipation, when the reaction coordinate is coupled directly to the continuous spectrum of the bath degrees of freedom. For chemical reactions this situation is rather rare, since low-frequency acoustic phonon modes have much larger wavelengths than the size of the reaction complex, and so they cannot cause a considerable relative displacement of the reactants. The direct mechanism may play an essential role in long-distance electron transfer in dielectric media, when the reorganization energy is created by displacement of equilibrium positions of low-frequency polarization phonons. Another cause of friction may be anharmonicity of solids which leads to multiphonon processes. In particular, the Raman processes may provide small energy losses. 

Italian-American physicist Nikola Tesla invents a motor that produces alternating current. This discovery changes the way electricity is transmitted over long distances. The first commercial, long-distance transmission of electricity takes place when a direct-current line provides power from Willamette Falls for street lights in Portland, Oregon. 

After emission, contaminants may be partitioned among the terrestrial, aqnatic, and various atmospheric phases, and those of sufficient volatility or associated with particles may be transported over long distances. This is not a passive process, however, since important transformations may take place in the troposphere during transit so that attention should also be directed to their transformation products. 

Volkov and Haack [6,7] studied the role of electrical signals induced by insects in long-distance communication in plants and confirmed the mechanism by which electrical signals can directly influence both biophysical and biochemical processes in remote tissues. 

To our knowledge, there are no other direct measurements of the dynamics of interstrand hole transport. However, the strand cleavage studies of Meggers et al. [17] have clearly demonstrated that long-distance hole transport can occur via a G-hopping sequence in which guanines are located in both strands. Other workers have assumed that hole transport occurs exclusively via intrastrand pathways [45]. 

It is understood that the direct motive force" which drives a sizable molecule, even a complicated organic molecule, to chemical reaction may be ascribed to merely one electron (or sometimes more) whose mass is less than a ten or hundred thousandth of that of the molecule. In some cases, the existance of a field of "vacant" orbitals extending for long distances facilitates the initial interaction and gives the reagent a chance to select the reaction path. 

The interaction of a beta particle and an orbital electron leads to electrical excitation and ionization of the orbital electron. These interactions cause the beta particle to lose energy in overcoming the electrical forces of the orbital electron. The electrical forces act over long distances therefore, the two particles do not have to come into direct contact for ionization to occur. 

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