Dinoflagellates, benthic, ciguatoxin

Taylor, F.J.R. 1979. A description of the benthic dinoflagellate associated with maitotoxin and ciguatoxin, including observations on Hawaiian material. In Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms, ed. Taylor, D.L., and Seliger, H.H. New York Elsevier, 71-76. 

CEP is associated with the consumption of many species of tropical and subtropical fish contaminated by ciaguatoxins, a family of lipid-soluble, heat-stable molecules (Figure 3) produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Gamberdierdiscus toxicus. Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) and Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) are the major toxins contributing to CEP, and are usually considered the main... 

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