2.6- Dimethyl-3-isobutylpyrazines

Chocarom Pyrazine isomers were isolated from the skin and flesh of potato Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars after baking 4). 3,5-Dimethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine [2,5-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-pyrazine] was isolated by Oruna-Concha, Craig, Duckham and Ames from the following potato cultivars - Cara, Nadine, Flanna and Marfona. 3,6-Dimethyl-2-isobutyl-pyrazine [3,5-dimethyl-2-(2-methylpropyl)pyrazine], was found by the same team in Cara and Marfona potato cultivars. 2,5-Dimethyl-3-isobutylpyrazine was also detected by Welty, Marshall and Grun in chocolate ice cream prepared from cocoa flavor (5). Both pyrazines were also found as key odorant compounds in dark chocolate by Counet, Callemien, Ouwerx and Collin (6). The role of amino acids in alkyl-substituted pyrazines formation in model systems containing pyruvaldehyde was examined by Mea (7). 2,5-Dimethyl-3-isobutylpyrazine was formed in the model system with valine. Both isomers were prepared synthetically by Chen (S) by reacting acetol, isobutyraldehyde and ammonium acetate, with low yield of 22.3%. Subsequent proprietary work by the author has improved the yield to 65%. 

Chocarom Pyrazine is a colorless transparent liquid consisting of a 1 1 isomeric mixture of 3,5-dimethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine and 3,6-dimethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine, as shown in Figure 1. Relevant CAS numbers are [38888-81-2] for dimethyl-isobutylpyrazine (positions not defined), and [70303-42-3] for 3,5-dimethyl-2-isobutyl-pyrazine. 

Benzyloxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3-isobutylpyrazine 4-oxide 2-Benzyloxy-6-iodomethyl-3-isobutyl-5-methoxypyrazine 4-oxide 2-Benzyloxy-3-isobutyl-6-mesyloxy-methyl-5-methoxypyrazine-4-oxide 1 - Benzyloxy-3 - (2-methoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-5,6-dimethyl-2(l/7)-pyrazinone... 

Dimethylamino-7V-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide 6-Dimethylamino-7V-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamidine 2-Dimethylamino-5-iodopyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-6-iodopyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-5-iodopyrazine 4-oxide 2-Dimethylamino-3-isobutylpyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-6-isobutylpyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-5-methoxy-3,6-dimethylpyrazine 2-Dimethylaminomethyl-3,6-bismethylthiopyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-6-methyl-5-phenylpyrazine 4-oxide 2-Dimethylamino-3-methylpyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-6-methylpyrazine 2-Dimethylamino-3-methylpyrazine 4-oxide Dimethyl 5-amino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylate 2-Dimethylamino-5-phenylpyrazine 2-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-6-methylpyrazine... 

The odor threshold of 3,5-dimethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine and 3,6-dimethyl-2-isobutyl-pyrazine was published by Wagner, Czerny, Bielohradski and Grosh, to be >2000 ng/1 air (P), which indicates a relatively low cp value (77), of only ca. 82,000. 

As seen in the table, both Chocarom Pyrazine isomers, i.e. 3,6-diniethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine and 3,5-dimethyl-2-isobutyl-pyrazine, have cp values of ca. 82,000, thus belonging to the low cp value pyrazines group. This characteristic shows more clearly the pyi azines odor impact, as shown in the following graphs of low, medium and... 

The structure and composition of Chocarome pyrazine was elucidated by a combination of GC, MS and NMR analyses (Figures 7 and 8 and tables III - VI). The substitution pattern of 3,5-dimethyl-2-isobutylpyrazine and 3,6-dimethyl-2-isobutyl-pyrazine was elucidated by a combination of NMR methods, especially in mixtures by gradient selected H, N HMBC experiments at natural abundance level (I /). Since the N-NMR spectrum of pyrazines was proven to be a powerful tool for their structural elucidation 12, IS) it is used to study these type of molecules. Tables V and VI details the N-NMR chemical shift of both nitrogen atoms of each isomer ... 

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