Product differentiation

Schneider S, G Fuchs (1998) Phenylacetyl-CoA acceptor oxidoreductase, a new a-oxidizing enzyme that produces phenylglyoxylate. Assay, membrane localization, and differential production in Thauera aro-matica. Arch Microbiol 169 509-516. 

Scale of production also differs between the three classes of chemical products. Fine and specialty chemicals tend to be produced in volumes less than 1000 t y-1. On the other hand, commodity chemicals tend to be produced in much larger volumes than this. However, the distinction is again not so clear. Polymers are differentiated products because they are purchased on the basis of their mechanical properties, but can be produced in quantities significantly higher than 1000 ty-1. 

The empirical evidence presented above enables us to draw two main conclusions first, competition in pharmaceutical markets is effective between therapeutically differentiated products whereas a small number of products enjoy positions of dominance over their closest therapeutic and generic rivals and second, competition in pharmaceutical markets depends enormously on national regulations. 

On the supply side, patents allow the innovating company considerable discretion in pricing their new products. However, new products may be complements or substitutes of those of rival companies. In reality, pharmaceutical firms operate in oligopolistic markets characterized by a limited number of competitors (especially in submarkets such as that of cardiovascular products, for example), differentiated products and competitive innovation strategies. 

In order to analyse the balance in view of the threat of exclusion from public financing, the author devises a demand equation with a two-stage budget allocation. The first step is to choose a therapeutic group, and the second is to choose the differentiated products. The co-payment acts as the price. The main conclusion is that when the product is included in public financing the health service can receive a discount if the political decisions are price-sensitive and the fixed cost of market entry in the event of inclusion is lower than the fixed cost of exclusion. In his study of price-cap regulation, the author insists that the mechanism should be continued in the long term, and that therefore it is necessary to account for the entire lifetime of the product and consider a discount factor. All this takes as its point of departure Abbott s 1995 model. 

Kishikawa, H. and Lawrence, D.A., Differential production of interleukin-6 in the brain and spleen of mice treated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence and absence of lead, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 53, 357, 1998. 

Winchester, J.A. Floyd, P. A. 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 325-343. 

High differential product values (between overhead and bottoms)... 

Z0N0LYTIC CLEAVAGE OF CYCLOHEXENE TO TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS METHYL 6-OXOHEXANOATE,... 

Guenther, H. L., Croissant, R. C., Schonfeld, S., Slavkin, H. C. Enamel proteins Identification of epithelial-specific differentiation products. In Extracellular matrix influences on gene expression, pp. 387. Slavkin, H. C., Greulich, R. C. (eds.). New York Academic Press 1975... 

Further variations make ozonolysis a versatile tool in organic synthesis. Equations (9.116)—(9.118) illustrate the possibility of preparing terminally differentiated products from cycloalkenes 629 630... 

Blight M. M., Wadhams L. J. and Wenham M. J. (1978) Volatiles associated with unmated Scolytus scolytus beetles on English elm differential production of a-multistriatin and 4-methyl-3-heptanol, and their activities in a laboratory bioassay. Insect Biochem. 8, 135-142. 

Asymmetric photocyclization starting from a chiral enamide also proceeds smoothly under nonoxidative conditions to give a diastereo-differentiated product. 

Heterotrophic nitrification has been studied in terrestrial systems, especially acid forest soils, where it has been difficult to document autotrophic nitrification. Experiments using isotopes to differentiate production of N03 from inorganic and organic substrates in a forest system found that heterotrophic nitrification accounted for less than 10% of the total nitrification rate (Barraclough and Puri, 1995). No information of this sort is available on the occurrence or significance of heterotrophic nitrification in aquatic systems. The potential for NH3 and N02 oxidation by heterotrophic bacteria in aquatic systems warrants further exploration, and the capability may be present in many strains already in culture. If heterotrophic nitrification is common in nature, then a focus on autotrophic nitrification as the... 

An example is the transfonnation of the differential product dMidz idivxdM2 do2dw2 into the differential product dMdwdwdad/Sdy in (10), 22.111 (p. 286, Vol, I). The equations are ... 

Because of the difficulty in controlling the impurities in glass, the development of a single glass filter with closely defined optical characteristics may be economically prohibitive. When one also considers the positive and negative effects of dopants on solarization and the desire by companies to differentiate products, progress toward this goal on an international scale may be very slow. 

Cell Organelles and Differentiation Products in Ruminal Epithelium, /. Cell Biol (1970) 44, 501-512. 

Figure 7-17 shows production rate, cell concentration, and substrate concentration as functions of dilution rate. We observe a maximum in the production rate and this maximum can be found by differentiating production with respect to the dilution rate D ... 

Discussion. The pharmacist suggested that the color of the flip-top of the 10 g vial be changed. The company replied that although it is common practice to use color-coded labels and flip-tops to differentiate product lines or strengths, it tries to indicate the... 

Becker, S., Devlin, R.B. and Haskill, J.S. (1989). Differential production of tumour necrosis fector, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 1 by human alveolar macroph es. J. Leuk. Biol. 45, 353—361. 

---