Diet, ageing and

Schaeffer, D. J., Dellinger, J. A., et al (2006) Serum PCB profiles in Native Americans from Wisconsin based on region, diet, age, and gender implications for epidemiology studies. Science of the Total Environment, 357(1-3) 74-87. 

Wilkinson, G.R. The effects of diet, aging and disease-states on presystemic elimination and oral drug bioavailability in humans. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 27, 129-159 (1997)... 

Crailsheim, K. and Stolberg, E. (1989). Influence of diet, age and colony condition upon intestinal proteolytic activity and size of the hypopharyngeal glands in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). J. Insect Physiol. 35,595-602. 

Heparin has been used in medicine and surgery for nearly 40 years and in this time has maintained a well-earned reputation as an effective and safe drug [1]. I may claim a share in this as I was a member of the research team at the University of Toronto which developed heparin for clinical use. The major clinical uses of heparin are for the prevention of thrombosis and the prevention of clotting of blood. Thrombosis is the complex plugging of blood vessels which can occur in veins after operation and child-birth and can occur in arteries as the result of diet, age and stress. Clotting of blood is a serious problem in the use of heart-lung machines, artificial kidneys, etc. and the prevention of this by heparin is most important. My presentation reviews points about this drug which indicates its actions are due to its polyelectrolyte nature. 

The variation between the results of the different studies can be due to diet, age, and geographic locations but gender and bone type are not believed to be major factors. 

Pure selenium deficiency, without concurrent vitamin E deficiency, is not generally seen except in animals on experimental diets (113). In China, selenium deficiency in humans has been associated with Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy seen in children and in women of child-bearing ages, and Kashin-Beck disease, an endemic osteoarthritis in adolescents (113). 

Murray, D.L. and Schoeninger, M.J. 1988 Diet, status and complex social structure in iron age Central Europe some contributions ofbone chemistry. In Gibson, D.B. and Geselowitz, M.N., eds.. Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe. New York, Plenum 155-176. 

In the million year range, however, there is clearer evidence for isotopic alteration which also apparently increases with age. Unfortunately, at present there are few reliable browser and grazer data beyond the Late Pleistocene, i.e., in the Middle Pleistocene, which would allow determination of the periods during which bone apatite and enamel begin to deviate. The indications are that the timing should be different. Material from the site of Florisbad falls within the late Middle Pleistocene ( 125-200 Ka), but at present carbon isotope data are only available for three species of uncertain and/or opportunistic diets (Brink and Lee-Thorp 1992), so that extent or direction of isotopic alteration is impossible to separate from dietary vagaries. 

The examples discussed above suggest useful directions for future research involving trace element analysis of bones. Specifically, the effects of developmental age and other factors (e.g., porosity, mineralization) that may lead to differences in surface area of specimens should be considered. Diage-netic effects should be monitored by analysis of a suite of elements whose abundances are not controlled by dietary abundances (e.g., Mn, Zr, etc.). Finally, although alkaline elements such as Sr and Ba are most likely to reflect the Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca levels of the diet, omnivores such as humans are likely to obtain the majority of these elements from plants rather than from animals. Therefore for accmate diet reconstruction it is necessary to determine the total abundance of Ca as and the Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of the plant and animal resources that were potential dietary staples. The effects of culinary practices on elemental abundances (Burton and Wright 1995 Katzenberg et al. this volume) must also be evaluated. 

Health benefits — Research reports indicate that natural (3-carotene possesses numerous benefits for the human body and consistently supports the use of (3-carotene as part of the human diet. The human body converts (3-carotene to vitamin A via body tissues as opposed to the liver, hence avoiding a build-up of toxins in the liver. Vitamin A is essential for the human body in that it assists the immune system and helps battle eye diseases such as cataracts and night blindness, various skin ailments such as acne, signs of aging, and various forms of cancer. 

Um, S. H., Frigerio, F., Watanabe, M., Picard, F., Joaquin, M., Sticker, M., Fumagalli, S., Allegrini, P. R., Kozma, S. C., Auwerx, J., and Thomas, G. (2004). Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity. Nature... 

Mattson, M. P., Chan, S. L. and Duan, W. Modification of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders by genes, diet, and behavior. Physiol. Rev. 82 637-672, 2002. 

Hamir, A.N., N.D. Sullivan, and RD. Handson. 1982. The effects of age and diet on the absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Austral. Vet. Jour. 58 266-268. 

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