Diarrhea and dehydration

Glucose/galactose malabsotption (GGM) is an intestinal monosaccharide (glucose and galactose) transport deficiency. The disorder manifests itself within the first weeks of life. The severe diarrhea and dehydration are usually fatal unless glucose and galactose are eliminated from the diet. Fiuctose and xylose are absorbed normally. Occurrence in both males and females, familial incidence, in particular in parental consanguinity, indicate autosomal recessive inheritance of... 

Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide. Most children will become infected by the age of 5 years. In the United States, rotavirus is responsible for approximately 50,000 hospitalizations for severe diarrhea and dehydration, and 20 to 40 deaths annually. Most hospitalizations occur in children less than 3 years of age. 

Severe iron poisoning is manifested as vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration, followed by hyperventilation, pallor or cyanosis, and cardiovascular collapse. 

Cholera and pertussis toxins catalyze the covalent addition of ADP-ribose to specific sites in the ot subunits of Gs and Gi, respectively. This modification inhibits GTPase action in the ot subunits and converts them to irreversible activators of adenylate cyclase. As a result, cAMP accumulates. In the intestine, the response to this is an uncontrollable secretion of water and sodium—causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. 

Osmosis Osmosis is the reason drinking seawater causes dehydration. As seawater goes through the stomach and intestines, it draws water away from the body through osmosis, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration. To avoid damage to body tissues, transfused fluids must always be isoosmotic with body fluids. Most transfused fluids consist in whole or part of 0.9% mass/volume saline solution. 

A cat with acute intractable vomiting, projectile fluid diarrhea, and dehydration... 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Very large doses can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and prostration. Dehydration and congestion occur in most internal organs. Hypertonic solutions can produce violent inflammatory reactions in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Most cases of diarrhea in adults are mild and resolve quickly. Infants and children (especially under 3 years of age) are highly susceptible to the dehydrating effect of diarrhea, and its occurrence in this age group should be taken seriously. 

Signs and Symptoms Vomiting is a prominent early manifestation of the disease followed rapidly by abdominal cramps with profuse watery diarrhea (opaque white liquid that does not have a bad odor often described as resembling rice water). Bowel movements are frequent and often uncontrolled. Stool volume is more than that from any other infectious diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to severe dehydration, vascular collapse, shock, and death. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of symptoms. This contrasts with disease produced by infection from any other enteropathogen. 

Acute occupational exposures or direct Ingestion cause severe gastrointestinal distress with diarrhea and vomiting, which may lead to dehydration, hypovolemic shock, and death. 

Irinotecan is a prodrug that is converted mainly in the liver by the carboxylesterase enzyme to the SN-38 metabolite, which is 1000-fold more potent as an inhibitor of topoisomerase I than the parent compound. In contrast to topotecan, irinotecan and SN-38 are mainly eliminated in bile and feces, and dose reduction is required in the setting of liver dysfunction. Irinotecan was originally approved as second-line monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had failed fluorouracil-based therapy. It is now approved as first-line therapy when used in combination with 5-FU and leucovorin. Myelosuppression and diarrhea are the two most common adverse events. There are two forms of diarrhea an early form that occurs within 24 hours after administration and is thought to be a cholinergic event effectively treated with atropine, and a late form that usually occurs 2-10 days after treatment. The late diarrhea can be severe, leading to significant electrolyte imbalance and dehydration in some cases. 

Gastrointestinal effects in six pregnant cows that were administered 67 mg/kg/day of FireMaster BP-6 in capsules for up to 60 days included diarrhea, dehydration (possibly a result of the diarrhea), and... 

A 28-year-old woman took an extract of C. sativum for 7 days to augment lactation while breastfeeding. She developed severe stomach pain and diarrhea and 15 days later resented with dark skin, depression, dehydration, and amenorrhea. A diagnosis of adrenal dysfunction was made, the herbal remedy was withdrawn, and she was treated with dexamethasone, prednisolone, and an oral contraceptive. Her symptoms resolved within 10 days. 

Dehydration The user cannot retain water and suffers from symptoms such as cottonmouth and dry eyes. Cold sweats, diarrhea, and nausea usually accompany these side effects. Frequent users of this drag suffer a -2 penalty to all Constitution-based checks for the duration of this drag or chemical agent s side effects. 

If vomiting is present and is uncontrollable with antiemetics, nothing is taken by mouth. As bowel movements decrease, a bland diet is begun. Feeding should continue in children with acute bacterial diarrhea. Rehydration and maintenance of water and electrolytes are the primary treatment measures until the diarrheal episode ends. If vomiting and dehydration are not severe, enteral feeding is the less costly and preferred method. In the United States, many commercial oral rehydration preparations are available (Table 23-3). 

Cholera is a major public health problem in developing countries and has caused enormous economic losses. The disease is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. In addition to water, contaminated foods can be the vehicle of infection. Different foods, including rice, vegetables, millet gruel, and various types of seafood have been implicated in outbreaks of cholera. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, and profuse watery diarrhea and may lead to severe dehydration and possibly death, unless fluid and salt are replaced. 

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