Deterministic data, definition

This Chapter is organized as follows Section 2 revisits general definitions of quantities of interest, for both deterministic and random fractals, and introduces the notation used. Section 3 contains the numerical techniques such as Monte Carlo (MC) methods and the exact enumeration (EE) technique as well as data analysis schemes. Section 4 provides a discussion of SAWs on deterministic fractals, specifically the Sierpinski square and... 

Within these two classes of models, there exist numerous subclasses. For example, within the empirical class, there are functional models, in which (discrete) data are represented by continuous mathematical functions or by approximations that sometimes follow a natural law. Within the broad class of deterministic models there can exist definite models that yield a single output for a given set of input values and probabilistic models, in which the inputs are distributed, resulting in a distributed output from which the probability of an event occurring can be estimated. Also, as mentioned above, there are other possible ways to classify models ... 

Hence a system employing software is almost by definition Type B, since its failure modes are hard to define, its behavior in fault conditions may also be hard to define, and there may be no dependable failure data. Because of this additional complexity and the non-deterministic calculation of failure probability, lEC 61508 has stronger architectural constraints for type B systems than for type A. Typically the pfd range claimable for type B systems is an order of magnitude less than for an otherwise architecturally similar Type A system. 

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