Detectors Rayleigh scattering

Rawwool Raybestos g-Ray detectors Ray diagram Rayleigh number Rayleigh scatter Rayleigh scattering... 

Similar work was performed by Shaw et al.3 in 1999 when they used FT-Raman, equipped with a charge coupled device (CCD) detector (for rapid measurements) as an on-line monitor for the yeast biotransformation of glucose to ethanol. An ATR (attenuated total reflectance) cell was used to interface the instrument to the fermentation tank. An Nd YAG laser (1064 nm) was used to lower fluorescence interference and a holographic notch filter was employed to reduce Rayleigh scatter interference. Various chemometric approaches were explored and are explained in detail in their paper. The solution was pumped continuously through a bypass, used as a window in which measurements were taken. 

Radioactive label, 330 Raman diffusion, 184 Raman scattering, 227 Ratio fluorimeter, 228 Rayleigh scattering, 226 Real mean, 385 Red-shift, 196 Reference electrode, 347 Reflectron, 298 Refractive index detector, 59 Relative response factor, 78 Relative standard deviation, 387 Reliability, 389 Resolving power, 282 Response factor, 77 Restrictor, 98 Retardation factor, 88 Retention factor, 14 Retention index, 41 Retention time, 7 Retention volume, 14 RP-18, 53 RSD, 387 Ruhemann, 112... 

The experimental set-up for femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering is in essence identical to the one for the nanosecond experiments.9 Only the gated integrators for the nanosecond measurements are replaced by a chopper and a phase-sensitive detector in the high-frequency femtosecond experiment. 

To get a Raman spectrum, it is necessary to expose a specimen to a monochromatic source of exciting photons, and then measure the intensity of the scattered beam of light. The intensity of the Raman scattered constituent is, by far, inferior than the Rayleigh scattered part. Then, filters and diffraction gratings are utilized to suppress the Rayleigh component. Besides, an extremely sensitive detector is necessary to sense the almost imperceptibly scattered Raman photons [57],... 

A Raman spectrum is obtained by exposure of a sample to a monochromatic source of exciting photons and measurement of the frequencies of the scattered light. Because the intensity of the Raman scattered component is much lower than the Rayleigh scattered component, a highly selective monochromator and a very sensitive detector are required. 

Block the laser beam or spectrometer entrance slit and adjust the spectrometer to an anti-Stokes shift of 1000 cm Caution Exposure of the sensitive phototube to the intense Rayleigh scattering line can seriously damage the detector. Scan the anti-Stokes spectrum from 1000 to 150 cm in the parallel polarization configuration and, using appropriate sensitivity expansion, j measure the ratio of anti-Stokes to Stokes peak heights for each band. 

Local Properties. Local properties are values such as detector response, molecular weight, or polymer size at a particular retention volume of a size-exclusion chromatogram. They are denoted by the subscript i. The excess Rayleigh scattering, Rei, at each retention volume Vi of an SEC is related to the concentration at each retention volume, Ci, and angle, 6, by... 

---