Design miniaturization problems

With the onset of the computer age and the increasing trend toward miniaturization of electrical and electronic devices, power quality problems have taken on increasing importance. The designers of computers and microprocess controllers are not versed in power system power quality issues. By the same token, power system designers and operators have limited knowledge of the operation of sensitive electronics. This environment has led to a need for power quality standards and guidelines. Currently,... 

The miniaturization of detector cells is also extremely difficult and the technological problems have not yet been solved because the detection limit should also be decreased or, at least, kept constant [2-6]. Some progress in the design of very small cells for UVD and FD has been reported [3-7], but the miniaturization of RD and RID seems much more difficult in spite of some suggestions [8]. Similarly, the development of open tubular columns is plagued by the lack of a suitable detector with a small contribution to band broadening. 

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