Dense sprays regimes

In the intermediate and dense spray regime, the local volume fraction of the liquid phase could be high and variations in the volume fractions should be accounted for in the gas-phase equations. Accordingly, the unfiltered mass and momentum conservation equations become [40-42]... 

Current breakup models need to be extended to encompass the effects of liquid distortion, ligament and membrane formation, and stretching on the atomization process. The effects of nozzle internal flows and shear stresses due to gas viscosity on liquid breakup processes need to be ascertained. Experimental measurements and theoretical analyses are required to explore the mechanisms of breakup of liquid jets and sheets in dense (thick) spray regime. 

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