Dehydration penalty

Dehydration The user cannot retain water and suffers from symptoms such as cottonmouth and dry eyes. Cold sweats, diarrhea, and nausea usually accompany these side effects. Frequent users of this drag suffer a -2 penalty to all Constitution-based checks for the duration of this drag or chemical agent s side effects. 

In section 2.1 the contact interface between TBP and the minor groove of DNA was characterized as anhydrous. This is a common characteristic in all the TBP-DNA complexes available to date. As TBP presents a primarily hydrophobic surface to DNA, most of the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors at this surface are not satisfied by the complexation. Hence, there is likely to be an enthalpic penalty associated with the dehydration of this surface. This penalty is compensated by the favorable increase in entropy associated with the liberation of the surface-bound water molecules into bulk solution. Following this reasoning, there are two aspects of hydration that could contribute to the determination of sequence specificity the ideal sequence would be one which coordinates a large number of water molecules, but binds them least tightly. 

Effect Solution is unacceptable because osmotic flow yields a net loss of water and ions from the blood - an osmotic penalty. Dehydration and risk of death increase. 

Fig. 6.14 Water dynamics in simulations of the protein channel MscS, showing snapshots in which the pore neck is dry (left) and partly water-filled right). The red spheres are chloride ions, and polar residues are shown in green. In the dry state, ions cannot pass through because of the free-energy penalty of dehydration (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77], 2004 Biophysical Society)...

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