Shear stress and deformation

The maximum rate of deformation and shear stress occur at the roll surface, p = 1, at = 0 where the gap is smallest... 

Table 7.9 Torsional deformation and shear stress formulas...

M-O method requires that the retaining walls can move freely (slide or rotate) so that active or passive earth pressures develop behind the wall. Nevertheless, there are many cases where the free movement of the wall is fully or partially restrained (such as basement walls, massive gravity walls embedded in rock-like formations, and braced walls). Wood (1973) analyzed the response of a homogenous linear elastic soil trapped between two rigid walls connected to rigid base (Fig. 1). In this figure, u, v, and are referred to the in-plane deformations and shear stresses, respectively. 

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