Cytomegalovirus dissemination

Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (duration >1 month) Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)... 

Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision) Encephalopathy, HIV-related Herpes simplex chronic ulcer(s) (duration >1 month) or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Isosporlasis, chronic Intestinal (duration >1 month) Kaposi s sarcoma... 

Infliximab can compromise antiviral defence mechanisms. There have been detailed reports of cytomegalovirus retinitis (53) and life-threatening disseminated cytomegalovirus infection (54). Most of these patients were taking concomitant immunosuppressants at the time of diagnosis. 

Helbling D, Breitbach TH, Krause M. Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection in Crohn s disease following antitumour necrosis factor therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 14(12) 1393-5. 

Gram-negative bacteremic shock (early diagnosis) Gram-positive bacteremia disseminated cytomegalovirus infection... 

Various viruses encode proteins with sequenee homology to host proteins which are known to be involved in host defense functions. Viruses pirate and modify key immunoregulatory molecules, by use of molecular mimicry, to elude the Immune system (Murphy, 1997). Viruses also encode proteins that exploit or alter their host cells, replicate or induce migration for virus dissemination. Interestingly, DNA viruses such as the Herpesviruses (Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus (HHV-6 and 7), herpesvirus Saimiri (HVS) and Kaposi s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)) all express GPCRs (Table 2). 

Murray HW, Knox DL, Green WR, Susel RM. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in adults a manifestation of disseminated viral infection. Am J Med 1977 63 574. 

Jordan MC, Shanley JD, Stevens JG. Immunosuppression reactivates and disseminates latent murine cytomegalovirus. J Gen Virol 1977 37(2) 419 23. 

Saederup N. Murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m 131-129) is a determinant of dissemination that increases inflammation at initial sites of infection. J Virol 2001 ... 

Saltzman RL, Quirk MR, Jordan MC. Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. Molecular analysis of virus and leukocyte interactions in viremia. J Clin Invest 1988 81(1) 75-81. 

Homologues of MHC class 1 proteins have been identified in the genomes of human, murine and rat cytomegaloviruses (CMVs). Given the pivotal role of the MHC class I protein in cellular immunity, it has been postulated that the viral homologues subvert the normal antiviral immune response of the host, thus promoting virus replication and dissemination in an otherwise hostile environment. This review focuses on recent studies of the CMV MHC class I homologues at the molecular, cellular and whole animal level and presents current hypotheses for their roles in the CMV life cycle. 

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that has the distinguishing characteristic of all herpesviruses, the ability to persist in the host. Persistent CMV causes serious infections such as interstitial pneumonia, gastrointestinal mucosal ulceration, retinitis, and hepatitis in immunosuppressed patients. Elucidating mechanisms of CMV persistence is critical to a complete model of pathogenesis as CMV infection, morbidity, and mortality often are the result of dissemination of virus acquired before the onset of immunosuppression. 

Jonjic S, Pavic I, Polic B, Crnkovic I, Lucin P. Koszinowski UH (1994) Antibodies are not essential for the resolution of primary cytomegalovirus infection but limit dissemination of recurrent virus. J Exp Med 179 1713-1717... 

Stoddart CA, Cardin RD, Boname JM, Manning WC, Abenes GB, Mocarski ES (1994) Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes mediate dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus. J Virol 68 6243-6253 Tanaka Y, Adams DH, Hubscher S, Hirano H, Siebenlist U, Shaw S (1993) T-cell adhesion induced by... 

Gram-positive bacteremia Disseminated cytomegalovirus infection... 

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