Crystallizers direct contact cooling

The simplest form of direct contact cooling (DCC) is effected by blowing air into a hot crystallizing solution. Cooling takes place predominantly through... 

Akiya, T., Owa, M., Kawasaki, S., Goto, T. and Toyokura, K. (1976) The operation of a NaOH 3 5 H2O crystallizer by direct contact cooling. In Industrial Crystallization (6th Symposium, Usti nad Labem), J.W. Mullin (ed.). Plenum Press, London, 421-429. 

Bartosch, K. and Mersmann, A. (1999) Design of a continuous melt crystallizer based on direct contact cooling. Paper 49 in Industrial Crystallization (14th Symposium, Cambridge). IChemE, Rugby. 

Kim, K.-J. and Mersmann, A. (1997) Melt crystallization with direct contact cooling techniques. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 75, 176-182. 

Letan, R. (1973) A direct contact cooled crystallizer. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 12, 300-305. 

The fluid bed has generally established itself as the preferred equipment for the crystallization and for the cooling section of the SSP plant. High heat-transfer coefficients enable the pellets to be heated and cooled very quickly, pellet agitation can be achieved without dust generation, and the direct contact between gas and solid enables a de-dusting effect. 

The experiments were performed in stainless steel UHV chambers which were equipped with the instrumentation necessary to perform Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), work function measurements (A( )), High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). The Au(lll) crystal was heated resist vely and cooled by direct contact of the crystal mounting block with a liquid nitrogen reservoir. The temperature of the Au(lll) crystal was monitored directly by means of a... 

A Ni(lll) single crystal, oriented to within 0.2° of the (111) plane, is mounted on a manipulator which rotates it 360° around an axis parallel to its surface and translates it in three mutually perpendicular directions while maintaining the ultrahigh vacuum conditions in the main chamber. The crystal can be cooled to 8 K by contact with a liquid He reservoir and can be heated to 1400 K. A chromel-constantan thermocouple is spot-welded to the crystal for temperature measurements. The procedure for cleaning the crystal by Ar ion sputtering, oxidation and reduction has been discussed previously (ref. 5). 

---