Crystal freezing- incipient

Incipient Crystal Freezing in a Super-Cooled Melt... 

One method we might use is to cool the melt to incipient nuclei-formatlon. toss in the seed-crystal, and allow the melt to freeze into a single crystal. This is the KYROPOULOS method which we will discuss in detail later. Alas, this method only works for a few systems, notably alkali halides (cubic) and the like. We find that we can use a seed-crystal to grow single crystals, but only if we use it under carefully defined conditions. A modified K5rropoulos method has been used for many years to form single-crystal sapphire up to 13.0 inches in dieimeter. Plates cut from such crystals are used as windows and substrates for all sorts of integrated circuits, as well as watch "crystals". 

The case is that of mixtures of the three isomeric nitrotoluenes for which the equilibrium diagram is shown. Point P on the diagram has the composition 0.885 para, 0.085 meta, and 0.030 ortho. The temperature at which crystals begin to form must be found experimentally or it may be calculated quite closely from the heats and temperatures of fusion by a method described for instance by Walas (Example 8.9, 1985). It cannot be found with the data shown on the diagram. In the present case, incipient freezing is at 46°C, with para coming out at point P on the diagram. As... 

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