Cough-provoking

Somewhat harsh, chemical odor, reminiscent of fusel oil, but not as heavy, however, more penetrating, nauseating, cough-provoking (Arctander, 1967). An odor threshold of 0.5 ppm is given by Flath et al. (1967). 

Pentanal has a very powerful and diffusive, penetrating, acrid-pungent odor, in the concentrated form repulsively shocking, cough-provoking. In extreme dilution dry-fruity, musty, nut-like (Arctander 1967). 

Using results on animals as a basis, Punte et al.2 exposed healthy subjects to nonanoyl morpholide at several concentrations. Response times are shown In Figure 4-6. Table 4-39 compares ECt50S of nonanoyl morpoholide, DM, and CN. The human responses to exposure sometimes provoked comments that compared nonanoyl morpholide with pepper. The symptoms after 3-min exposure at a Ct of 20-40 mg-mln/m were lacrlmation, coughing, and a burning sensation of the nose, throat, and eyes. Nausea sometimes followed, but only If the subject had recently eaten a large meal. Symptoms were relieved In 10-15 min by exposure to fresh air... 

At induction, high concentrations are irritant and may provoke coughing or breath-holding. 

ACE inhibitors prevent the formation of angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and thereby reduce peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. In addition, ACE inhibitors prevent the effect of angiotensin II on protein synthesis in myocardial and vascular muscle cells, and thus diminish ventricular hypertrophy. As adverse effects, ACE inhibitors may provoke dry cough, impaired renal function, and hyperkalemia. When ACE inhibitors are poorly tolerated, an ATq-receptor antagonist can be given. 

Inhaled DAMB, and to a lesser extent inhaled liposomal amphotericin, can provoke pulmonary reactions, including bronchospasm, cough, and dyspnea (74—77). 

Demulcents coat the mucosa of the pharynx and provide short-lived relief of the irritation that provokes reflex coughing. They are mainly used for their placebo effect, although a possible true pharmacological effect has been proposed. 

CLINICAL USE Desflurane is widely used for outpatient surgery because of its fast onset and recovery kinetics. The drug irritates the airway of awake patients, provoking coughing, salivation, and bronchospasm. Anesthesia therefore usually is induced with an intravenous agent, with desflurane subsequently administered for maintenance of anesthesia with inhaled concentrations of... 

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