Core-level electron energy loss surfaces

Excess oxygen deficiency is also expected for grain boundaries, again due to subcoordinated oxide ion sites, albeit at a different level compared to surface sites. Indeed, an excess of oxide ion vacancies and Gd in the grain-boundary core of polycrystalline Geo 8Gdo.2O1.9 x was revealed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements. The composition at the core was calcu-... 

Both peak energy and peak shape can vary depending upon the chemical state of the element. This is particularly true for the low-ener transitions of valence electrons. It can also be seen in core-level transitions in those cases where the electrons experience strong energy losses in escaping from metallic surfaces but not from the oxide for... 

---