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Fig. 3-3. Comparison of the values of enantiomeric resolution of different DNP-D,L-amino acids at different deconvolution stages of a cyclic hexapeptide sublibrary. Resolution values in a cyclo(Arg-Lys-X-X-X-P-Ala) sublibrary, in the first line, are compared to those obtained in sublibraries with a progressively increasing number of defined positions. All the sublibraries were 30 mM in the running buffer while the completely defined cyclo(Arg-Lys-Tyr-P-Tyr-P-Ala) peptide is used at 10 mM concentration. Conditions cyclopeptide sublibrary in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 capillary, 50 pm i.d., 65 cm total length, 57 cm to the window V = -20 kV, I = 40 electrokinetic injection, -10 kV, 3 s detection at 340 nm. (Reprinted with permission from ref. [75]. Copyright 1998, American Chemical Society.)...

FIG. 25 Typical DPSC data for the oxidation of 10 mM bromide to bromine (forward step upper solid curve) and the collection of electrogenerated Br2 (reverse step lower solid curve) at a 25 pm diameter disk UME in aqueous 0.5 M sulfuric acid, at a distance of 2.8 pm from the interface with DCE. The period of the initial (generation) potential step was 10 ms. The upper dashed line is the theoretical response for the forward step at the defined tip-interface separation, with a diffusion coefficient for Br of 1.8 x 10 cm s . The remaining dashed lines are the reverse transients for irreversible transfer of Br2 (diffusion coefficient 9.4 x 10 cm s ) with various interfacial first-order rate constants, k, marked on the plot. (Reprinted from Ref. 34. Copyright 1997 American Chemical Society.)... 

Figure 4. The uranium concentration in unfiltered water, 0.2 gm and 3 kD filtered water in river water from the Kalix River mouth and samples from the low salinity estuarine zone (0-3). Data plotted against conductivity (although the salinity scale is not defined below 2, a tentative scale is indicated). The lines represent the best fit for each fraction in the estuary. The data from the Kalix river mouth represent the river water component, which show <10% aimual variation in concentration. The analytical errors are smaller than the symbols. Data from Andersson et al. (2001). Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science.

Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram showing the different equilibria for solvent-vapor-sorbent exchange in an unsaturated tank and the nomenclature used to define the Rf value in equation (7.1). (Adapted with permission from ref. 27. Copyright Dr Alfred Huethig Publishers).

Figure 8.8 Mean concentration profiles of Zn, Cu and Cd in multilayer acrylic paint, consisting of orange deposited on blue, both on yellow. The arrows define the three paint layer limits as they were evaluated through weighing. After Brissaud [299]. Reprinted from Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B117,1. Brissaud et al., 179-185, Copyright (1996), with permission from Elsevier...

Figure 3.18 A typical photograph defining the bubble boundary layer (pi - 500 psia, Vi - 1 ft/sec. 7 a, - 7] = 200°F, q/A = 0.804 x 10f) Btu/hr ft2). (From Jiji and Clark, 1964. Copyright 1964 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. Reprinted with permission.)...

Fig. 1.1 The regions for transient cavitation bubbles and stable cavitation bubbles when they are defined by the shape stability of bubbles in the parameter space of ambient bubble radius (R0) and the acoustic amplitude (p ). The ultrasonic frequency is 515 kHz. The thickest line is the border between the region for stable cavitation bubbles and that for transient ones. The type of bubble pulsation has been indicated by the frequency spectrum of acoustic cavitation noise such as nf0 (periodic pulsation with the acoustic period), nfo/2 (doubled acoustic period), nf0/4 (quadrupled acoustic period), and chaotic (non-periodic pulsation). Any transient cavitation bubbles result in the broad-band noise due to the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. Reprinted from Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 17, K.Yasui, T.Tuziuti, J. Lee, T.Kozuka, A.Towata, and Y. Iida, Numerical simulations of acoustic cavitation noise with the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles, pp. 460-472, Copyright (2010), with permission from Elsevier...

Figure 8. Part of a tetrafunctional network formed from an RA t and RBi polymerization corresponding to Mc°, the molar mass between junction points of the perfect network (a). Detail of the chain structure defining Mc° for HDl reacting with an OPPE, n is the number-average degree of polymerization of each arm with respect to oxypropylene units, (b). Part of the chain structure defining v, the number of bonds in the chain forming the smallest ring structure (C), for the reaction system in (b) (29). Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. 21. Copyright 1980, Stein-...

Fig. 5.21 Cryoelectron micrograph of a single virus-like particle showing the well-defined protein coating of the 12 nm diameter Au nanoparticle (black disk). (Reprinted with permission from [98]. Copyright (2006) American Chemical Society).

Fig. 15 Two of the simplest theories for the dissolution of solids (A) the interfacial barrier model, and (B) the diffusion layer model, in the simple form of Nemst [105] and Brunner [106] (dashed trace) and in the more exact form of Levich [104] (solid trace). c is the concentration of the dissolving solid, cs is the solubility, cb is the concentration in the bulk solution, and x is the distance from the solid-liquid interface of thickness h or 8, depending on how it is defined. (Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., from Ref. 1, p. 478.)...

Figure 5.43 Phase contrast optical micrographs of typical helical structures in chemically defined lipid concentrate system, (a) Low-pitch helical ribbon with pitch angle i r = 11 2°. (b) High-pitch helical ribbons with pitch angle t t = 54 2°. (c) Intermediate-pitch helical ribbons with pitch angle i r = 40.8 3.8°. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 162. Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

Figure 3.12 Active site of a reduced form of the Fe-only hydrogenase from Desulphovibrio desul-phuricans. The Fe atom on the right is defined as the proximal Fe (relative to the neighbouring [Fe-S] cluster), Fep the Fe atom on the left is defined as the distal Fe, FeD. The arrow indicates the potential hydron-binding site on FeD that is occupied by either HzO or an extrinsic CO in the structure of Cp I. Also shown is a close contact between the bridgehead atom X of the exogenous dithiolate ligand and the S atom of cysteine-178. (Reprinted with permission from Parkin et al., 2006. Copyright (2005) American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 9 Total energy of a typical (i.e. average) system [9] as a function of deformation from planarity, calculated by Gilli et al. (1986). The deformation coordinates are defined above, and the experimental points are those shown also in Fig. 8. For full details of the calculation see the original paper. Reprinted with permission from Gilli et al. (1986). Copyright 1986 American Chemical Society.

Figure 1. Calculated values of AG, free energy of formation of a pit at a dislocation on a quartz surface at 300°C, plotted vs. pit radius, r. Labels defined in text. Adapted with permission from Ref. 16. Copyright 1986 Pergamon Press.

FIGURE 5. Plot of log k for the reactions of nucleophiles with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and picryl chloride against the N+ parameter. In aqueous or methanol solutions at 25 °C77. Numbers 1-18 are defined in Table 6. Reprinted with permission from Reference 77. Copyright (1992) American Chemical Society... 

Figure 1. An Fe(H20)62+-Fe(HgO)6s+ complex at the traditional inner-sphere contact distance with the inner-sphere complexes (Th symmetry) oriented to give overall S6 symmetry. This geometry is favorable for transfer of an electron between t g-5d atomic orbitals (AO s, which have

Fig. 31. Molar mass dependencies of four differently defined overlap concentrations c (ml/g) for amylopectin fractions in O.Smol/lNaOH [144]. Reprinted with permission from [144]. Copyright [1996] American Society...

Fig.1 Idealized structure of a layered double hydroxide with interlayer carbonate anions. Several parameters are defined. Reprinted with permission from [6]. Copyright Elsevier...

Figure 7. A sample of how a relation can be defined. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 3. Copyright 1985 COMPress.)...

Fig. 4.9 Temperature dependence of the characteristic time of the a-relaxation in PIB as measured by dielectric spectroscopy (defined as (2nf ) ) (empty diamond) and of the shift factor obtained from the NSE spectra at Qmax=l-0 (filled square). The different lines show the temperature laws proposed by Tormala [135] from spectroscopic data (dashed-dotted), by Ferry [34] from compliance data (solid) and by Dejean de la Batie et al. from NMR data (dotted) [136]. (Reprinted with permission from [125]. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society)...

Figure 65. Comparison between the discharge capacities for lithium ion cells at various temperatures. Relative capacity was defined as the ratio of the capacity at the specified temperature to the one obtained at 20 °C (a, top) LiPFe/EC/PC/EMC (1 1 3) (b, bottom) L1BF4/EC/PC/EMC (1 1 3). (Reproduced with permission from ref 134 (Figure 2). Copyright 2002 Elsevier.)...

Figure 11. Tafel plot of flooded porous-electrode simulation results for the cathode at three different values of xp = 2.2nFIfQ 2 02, z=dbK. The z coordinate ranges from 0 (catalyst layer/membrane interface) to L (catalyst layer/diffusion medium interface), the dimensionless overpotential is defined as // = —o FIRT r]oRR, - ), and the ORR rate constant is defined as A = hFFq 2 (Reproduced with permission from ref 36. Copyright 1998 The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Fig. 8.39 Distribution coefficients (K and defining the sorption of inorganic Hg(II) to estuarine particles versus salinity (S, in g/L) in the Beaulieu, Mersey, and Plym estuaries. Reprinted with permission from Turner A, Millward GE, LeRoux SM (2001) Sediment-water partitioning of inorganic mercuries in estuaries. Environ Sci Technol 35 4648-4654. Copyright 2001 American Chemical Society...

Figure 1. Scheme for defining and refining polymer structures. (Reproduced from ref. 1. Copyright 1980 American Chemical Society.)... 

Figure 6.5. (a) Band structure and (b) total DOS calculated for neutral TTF and PDOS for the S and C atoms (black lines). The S2p and CD NEXAFS spectra of TTF (grey lines) are superposed to the PDOS of S and C, respectively. Energies are referred to the HOMO maximum, (c) Band structure and (d) total DOS calculated for neutral TCNQ and PDOS for the N and C atoms (black lines). The ND and CD NEXAFS spectra of TCNQ (grey lines) are superposed to the PDOS of N and C, respectively. Energies are referred to the LUMO minimum. The F-, X-, Y-and Z-points are defined as in Fig. 6.4. Reprinted with permission from Fraxedas et al., 2003. Copyright (2003) by the American Physical Society.

Figure 6.16. Angular dependent NEXAFS spectra of TTF-TCNQ for (a) S2p, (b) Cli and (c) Nl. The e angle is defined as the angle between the light polarization vector and the surface plane. Reprinted with permission from J. Fraxedas, Y. J. Lee, 1. Jimenez, R. Gago, R. M. Nieminen, R Ordejdn and E. Canadell, Physical Review B, 68, 195115 (2003). Copyright (2003) by the American Physical Society.

Fig. 16. Spherical polar coordinate system used to define metal ion (M) interactions with the side chain of methionine. In proteins the average polar angle d is 38°, and the average longitudinal angle is 169°. [Reprinted with permission from Chakrabarti, P. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 6081-6085. Copyright 1989 American Chemical Society.]...

Fig. 16 Parameters for defining the charge-transfer state energy cx in organic solar cells. Charge-transfer state energy for MDMO-PPV PCBM blend device determined by Fourier transform photocurrent spectroscopy and electroluminescence measurements. Reprinted figure with permission from [188]. Copyright 2010 by the American Physical Society...

Figure 13.5 Hazard ratios (and 95 per cent confidence intervals) for death in subgroups defined by baseline characteristics (Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB, et ai for the Carvedilol Prospective Randomised Cumulative Survival Study Group, Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1651-1658. Copyright (2001) Massachusetts Medical Society.

Figure 21. LCT computations for the reduced configurational entropy 5ic defined by Eq. (53) as a function of the reciprocal of the reduced pressure SP = P — Po /P (where P denotes the Vogel pressure) for high molar mass (M = 40001) F-S polymer fluid at fixed temperature T = 388 K. The inset illustrates the temperature dependence of P (symbols) and the line represents a fit to the data points, using P = a + bT with a = —378.6 MPa and b = 1.0825 MPa/K. (Used with permission from J. Dudowicz, K. F. Freed, and J. F. Douglas, Journal of Chemical Physics 123, 111102 (2005). Copyright 2005 American Institute of Physics.)...

Figure 20.6. Comparisons of experimental and theoretical electron diffraction radial distribution curves based on ab initio geometries for the bridged C2F4I radical structure (on left) and a sum of classical anti and gauche structures (on right)." The intermediate present 5 ps after the pump pulse was defined structurally through 2D diffraction difference images. [Reproduced with permission from H. Ihee, V. A. Lobastov, U. M. Gomez, B. M. Goodson, R. Srinivasan, C.-Y. Ruan, and A. H. Zewail, Science 2001, 291, 458. Copyright 2001 American Association for the Advancement of Science.]...

Fig. 11.3. Pharmacophoric triangle detection. The dotted lines define a triangle comprising three features piHydrophobic (H=, centroid of benzene), piAcceptor (A=, oxygen of carboxylic acid), and piPolar (P=, oxygen of hydroxyl), and the shortest bond path between each pair of features is 2 (A= to H=), 1 (P= to H=), and 4 (A= to P=). Reprinted ( adapted or in part ) with permission from Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.

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