Cooling Damage

Reactor 2, Steam separators 3. Inlet header 4. Main circulation pump 5. Outlet header 6. Pressure suppression pool 7, ECCS vessels 8, ECCS pumps for cooling damaged half of reactor 9. Heat exchangers 10. Clean condensate container 11. ECCS pumps for cooling undamaged half of reactor 12. De-aerator 13. Feed pump,... 

Equipment for food freezing is designed to maximize the rate at which foods are cooled to —18° C to ensure as brief a time as possible in the temperature zone of maximum ice crystal formation (12,13). This rapid cooling favors the formation of small ice crystals which minimize the dismption of ceUs and may reduce the effects of solute concentration damage. Rapid freezing requires equipment that can deHver large temperature differences and/or high heat-transfer rates. 

Filtration and water-knockout systems are used to clean up the gas before it enters a compressor. Cooling systems are sometimes required to maintain compressor discharge temperatures below 54°C to avoid damage to the pipeline s protective coatings. Automated compressor stations are typically staffed by maintenance and repair personnel eight hours per day, five days per week. Other stations are staffed on a 24-hour basis because personnel must start, stop, and regulate compressors in response to orders from the dispatch office. 

Fig. 2. Sources of potential biological damage in the immediate vicinity of a power station cooling system where the condenser may sustain mechanical...

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