Controlled low strength material

Source From Deng, A., Excess Foundry Sand Characterization and Experimental Investigation in Controlled Low-Strength Material, PhD Dissertation of the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, August 2004. 

Adaska, W.S. and Krell, W.C., Bibliography on controlled low-strength materials (CLSM), Concrete International, 14 (10), 42-43, December 1992. 

ACI Committee 229, Controlled Low Strength Materials, ACI 229R, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1999. 

ACI Committee 229, ACI 229R,99, Controlled low strength materials, American concrete Institute, Reapproved 2005. 

For example, the small amounts of chlorides in most extern pipe insulations can be leached out by exposure to weather and become concentrated at the pipe wall. Temperature may be difficult to measure, let alone control, especially during startup or shutdown when gradients exist. Residual stresses usually are present in a relatively low yield strength material like annealed stainless steel pipe. A pipe bumped in shipment or sprung or cold bent in fitting can have all the stress needed. 

Layers may be used to place colors, bury recycle, screen uv radiation, provide barrier properties, minimize die-face buildup, and to control film-surface properties, for example. Additives, such as antiblock, antislip, and antistatic agents, can be placed in specific layer positions. High melt strength layers can carry low melt strength materials during fabrication. 

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