Contact angles kinetic factor

Kinetic factors that may cause contact angle variation can also arise from penetration of the liquid into the solid surface. The penetration of non-polar surfaces by water has been commonly cited in the literature [29]. Zisman [18] reported a relationship between molecular size and the extent of contact angle hysteresis. 

The calculations on which Fig. 2.4 is based assume that equilibrium will be established. Considerations of the rate of setting of the adhesive and of its effect on viscosity and contact angle are relevant here. Depending on these factors, contact between an adhesive and a particular rough surface maybe further inhibited by kinetic effects (Packham 2002). 

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