Conical sections and end closures

Conical sections (reducers) are used to make a gradual reduction in diameter from one cylindrical section to another of smaller diameter. 

Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow and removal of solids from process equipment such as, hoppers, spray-dryers and crystallisers. 

From equation 13.10 it can be seen that the thickness required at any point on a cone is related to the diameter by the following expression  

This equation will only apply at points away from the cone to cylinder junction. Bending and shear stresses will be caused by the different dilation of the conical and cylindrical sections. This can be allowed for by introducing a stress concentration factor, in a similar manner to the method used for torispherical heads, 

The design factor Cc is a function of the half apex angle a  

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