Conditions of equilibrium for chemical reactions

When a chemical reaction takes place in a system, new molecular entities, other than the original components, are formed. The components are the substances, a minimum number, that are used to form the system. The term species is used to refer to all of the molecular entities present in 

The argument is again based on the concept that the system is isolated and, consequently, the mass of the system is constant. Rather than considering the general case, we choose a two-phase system containing the components, Blt B2, B4, and Bs. Here each B represents the molecular formula for a substance. We further assume that the reaction 

Each n° represents the original number of moles of each component used to form the system. By use of the condition equation (Eq. (5.32)) we find that the temperature of the two phases must be the same and, according to Equation (5.33), we find that the pressure of each phase must also be the same. According to Equations (5.36) and (5.37), we find that the chemical 

We see that the chemical potential of a substance must be the same in all phases in which it exists, whether this substance is considered as a component 

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