Condensate drainage distillation

Vertical in-tube condensers are often designed for reflux or knock-back application in reactors or distillation columns. In this case, vapor flow is upward, countercurrent to the hquid flow on the tube wall the vapor shear ac4s to tliicken and retard the drainage of the condensate film, reducing the coefficient. Neither the fluid dynamics nor the heat transfer is well understood in this case, but Sohman, Schuster, and Berenson [J. Heat Transfer, 90, 267-276... 

In cases where the quantity of material to be distilled is such that there is a danger of drainage of droplets of condensed liquid from the cold finger, a small collection cup may be attached to the cold finger by means of platinum wire suitably fused to the two glass surfaces (Fig. 2.114). Alternatively the Wheaton-Hickman flask (Aldrich) (Fig. 2.115) may be used note in this case the screw thread joint. 

Fig. 4.6 Tecator KjelTec Auto 1030 automatic analyser including distillation and photometric acid-base titration of ammonia. (1) Waste flask (2) water (inlet) valve (3) water aspirator (4) expansion vessel (5) feed valve (6) steam generator (7) vacuum valve (if tube drainage) (8) steam valve (9) water pump (10) digestion tube (11) alkali pump (12) distillation head (13) condenser (14) level pin (15) motor (stirrer) (16) lamp (titration vessel) (17) titration vessel (18) drain valve (titration vessel) (19) receiver solution pump (20) motor (burette) (21) burette cylinder (22) three-port valve (23) titrant storage flask. (Courtesy of Tecator).

Electrical radiant heater Condenser with cup surface and drainage to collect the distillate (aerofoil condenser with self-pumping effect for distillate)... 

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