Compression perpendicular to grain

Height of drop causing complete failure Compression parallel to grain Fiber stress at proportional limit Maximum crushing strength Compression perpendicular to grain Fiber stress at proportional limit Shear parallel to grain... 

Fig. 5. The immediate effect of temperature on strength properties of clear wood, expressed as percentage of value at 20°C. Trends illustrated are composites from studies on three strength properties modulus of mpture in bending, tensile strength perpendicular to grain, and compressive strength parallel to grain. VariabiUty in reported results is illustrated by the width of the bands. MC = moisture content.

Compression-perpendicular-to-the-grain stresses are found whenever one member is supported upon another member at right angles to the grain. Examples of compression perpendicular to the grain are the bearing areas of a beam, truss, or joist. 

Extreme fiber in bendii Tension parallel to grain Compression perpendicular Compression parallel ... 

In general, other properties of the acetylated laminates showed, improved properties over control laminates. For example, acetylated laminates in compression tests parallel to grain showed a 3% increase in stress at proportional limit, 8% increase in ultimate strength, 6% decrease in MOE, and 21% increase in deformation at failure as compared to controls. In compression tests perpendicular to the grain, acetylated laminates showed a 30% increase in stress at proportional limit, 47% increase in ultimate strength, 21% increase in MOE, and 10% increase in deformation at failure as compared to controls. 

Cr, Cr-18Re and Cr-35Re alloys were tested under compression (ASTM E-9 81) at a strain rate of 0,0028 s 1. Samples were cut perpendicularly to the grain growth direction. 

In both of these processes, atom diffusion is away from boundaries under compression towards boundaries under tension, leading to relief of the stress at the grain boundaries generated by the load on the sample. This causes the grains to elongate along the direction of the stress. [Note that diagrams often show the flow of vacancies rather than the flow of atoms. Vacancy flow is opposite to atom flow, and is from boundaries more or less parallel to the compressive stress to boundaries more or less perpendicular to the compressive stress.]... 

Fig. 2.52 Representative HRTEM photographs of boundaries oriented a parallel and b perpendicular to the applied load direction, indicating that the grain-boundary film thickness decreased after superplastic deformation, under compression ((->) applied stress direction during deformation) [51], With kind permission of John Wiley and Sons...

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