Commercial success

Even if geological conditions for the presence of hydrocarbons are promising, host country political and fiscal conditions must also be favourable for the commercial success of exploration ventures. Distance to potential markets, existence of an infrastructure, and availability of a skilled workforce are further parameters which need to be evaluated before a long term commitment can be made. 

The aerosol container has enjoyed commercial success ia a wide variety of product categories. Insecticide aerosols were iatroduced ia the late 1940s. Additional commodities, including shave foams, hair sprays, antiperspirants, deodorants, paints, spray starch, colognes, perfumes, whipped cream, and automotive products, followed ia the 1950s. Mediciaal metered-dose aerosol products have also been developed for use ia the treatment of asthma, migraine headaches, and angiaa. 

Its early commercial success owed much to the flammabUity disadvantages of the Chardoimet process, but competition from the viscose process led to its decline for aU but the finest filament products. The process is stiU used, most notably by Asahi in Japan where sales of artificial sHk and medical disposable fabrics provide a worthwhile income. However, its relatively high cost, associated with the cotton fiber starting point, prevented it from reaching the large scale of manufacture achieved by the viscose rayon process. 

Another significant disadvantage of the patented process is the two large mnning seals involved in the main body of the filter as the vessel rotates around a stationary central arrangement this seal is another potential source of trouble. This version has Htde chance of commercial success and has been shelved in favor of a more conventional system of stationary vessel (16). 

Only a minority of new products studied in R D enjoy commercial success, thus allocation of R D costs is another controversial issue. This... 

As with a plasma-arc furnace, various gases and pneumatically conveyed soHds have been added to the various types of a-c open-arc furnaces to decrease alloy loss, to stabilize the arc, and to decrease the noise level, but with mixed commercial success. 

Magnetic Applications. MetaUic glasses ate utilized ia electric transformers and this provides a significant commercial success for these materials. AUoys such as MetGlas 2605 SC, Feg B 5 i3 5 2 prepared ia sheets having superior soft magnetic properties. These alloys can be magnetized... 

The hterature notes many other polyamide hoUow fibers, none of which have achieved significant commercial success. Included in this category are such polymers (some of which are cross-linked) as piperazinamides, hydrazine, substituted acrylamide, and modified and grafted nylons. 

Infrared and Microwave Inks. These ate inks which have been formulated to absorb these radiant energies. The energy causes the inks to heat and dry through the partial evaporation of solvent. Absorption of the ink into a porous substrate can also be part of the overall drying mechanism with these inks. They have not found wide commercial success due to the variabiHty of the it absorption with ink color and the energy inefficiency of microwave systems in drying nonwater-based inks. 

The sale of hides is on a weight basis. The value of a hide depends on the type of animal, the seasonal characteristics, the location of the slaughter, the type of cure, and the market conditions. Cost of the hides is about 50% of the sale price of the leather, so an accurate knowledge of the hides and the leathermaking potential of the hides is critical to commercial success. In the case of furs and exotic skin leather production, the value of the pelt is by far the most important factor (7). 

Several methods have received considerable research attention as alternatives to salt curing. These include use of sodium bisulfite as a disinfectant to allow preservation with or without decreased salt in a brine cure use of disinfectants such as quatenary amines for temporary preservation in direct shipping to the taimery from the packing plant (see Disinfectants and antiseptics) preservation of hides by radiation sterilization (see Sterilization techniques) and substitution of materials such as potassium chloride for sodium chloride. These methods have found only limited commercial success. 

Photochemical technology has been developed so as to increasingly exploit inorganic and organometaUic photochemistries (2,7), recognizing the importance of photoinduced electron transfer as the phenomenological basis of a majority of commercially successful photochemical technologies (5,8). 

Although the concept of polymer blends is sometimes a route for a voiding the development of new polymers, it often has been an integral part of the utiliza tion of new polymer chemistry, eg, the commercial success of PPO hinged on the advantages of its blends with PS. 

Because of their initial commercial success and the industry s growing awareness of environmental issues, soHd acid catalysts are expected to ultimately replace Hquid acid catalysts. Several pubHcations describe the use of soHd acid catalysts for the production of cumene and detergent alkylates (62,85-87,109). 

The earliest significant technical work on piezoelecttic ink jet began in the 1930s and the first tme commercial activity was begun in the late 1960s. This early development effort, aimed at office printing appHcations, had limited commercial success. The first successful piezoelecttic ink-jet printer was introduced in 1977. It printed a relatively cmde character set using an array of 12 jets in its printhead. 

Propanol has been manufactured by hydroformylation of ethylene (qv) (see Oxo process) followed by hydrogenation of propionaldehyde or propanal and as a by-product of vapor-phase oxidation of propane (see Hydrocarbon oxidation). Celanese operated the only commercial vapor-phase oxidation faciUty at Bishop, Texas. Since this faciUty was shut down ia 1973 (5,6), hydroformylation or 0x0 technology has been the principal process for commercial manufacture of 1-propanol ia the United States and Europe. Sasol ia South Africa makes 1-propanol by Fischer-Tropsch chemistry (7). Some attempts have been made to hydrate propylene ia an anti-Markovnikoff fashion to produce 1-propanol (8—10). However, these attempts have not been commercially successful. 

PolyglycoHc Acid. PolyglycoHc acid (PGA), also known as polyglycoHde, was first reported in 1893, but it wasn t until 1967 that the first commercially successful patent was granted for sutures (27). Like polylactide, polyglycoHde is synthesized from the cycHc diester as shown below ... 

A summary of appHcations, markets, and products where radiation-curing technologies have found commercial success may be summarized as foUows ... 

Finally, a constraint analysis has been developed to screen new opportunities (57). This analysis separately evaluates intrinsic business attractiveness factors and the fit factors required for commercial success. 

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