Cold radiating mantle

Plate 6. The Greenberg model of interstellar ice mantle formation and chemical evolution. The mantle grows by condensation of gas phase species onto the cold dust grains. Simultaneously, surface reactions between these species, ultraviolet radiation and cosmic ray bombardment drive a complex chemistry. These ice-mantled grains are thought to be micron sized at most. Plate reproduced with permission from (37). (See page 6 of color inserts.)... 

Beta values of about unity are achievable, making high power densities and advanced fuel burning possible, leading to minimized cyclotron radiation and coil stresses, making superconducting coils unnecessary, and realizing fully developed cold-mantle (gas blanket) conditions. 

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