Cochineals quinones from

Analysis of Quinones from Cochineal Insects Carmine and... 

ANALYSIS OF QUINONES FROM COCHINEAL INSECTS CARMINE AND CARMINIC ACID... 

Anthraquinone [84-65-1] has yet to be found in nature, although some of its substitution products have been known since antiquity (alizarin, kermes, cochineal, and lac dye). Of all the quinones found naturally, those derived from anthraquinone far exceed all others. Many of these are found in molds (2). 

Fig. 3.6 Cathodic SWV curves for three quinone dyes and pigments lawson (1, a quasireversible process), alizarin lake (2, a reversible process) and cochineal red (3, a quasireversible process). Scans from open-circuit potential toward negative potentials. Insets the net, forward and backward current components are shown for alizarin lake and cochineal red (reprinted from [186] with permission)...

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