Coal catalytic hydroliquefaction

Lanning, W. C. Green, J. B. Dooley, J. E. Catalytic Hydroliquefaction of Coals for Hydrocarbon-Type Analysis in Relation to Refining. ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints, 1978, 22 (1), 62-70. 

Table IX. Precipitation of Nitrogen Compounds by Application of Schemes A, B, and C to Products of Catalytic Hydroliquefaction of Coal in Anthracene Oil...

Synthoil (U.S. Bureau of Mines—Bruceton)—catalytic hydroliquefaction of coal in a fixed-bed reactor, 59.3 wt % on dry West Virginia coal 30SSU 180°F 50% 850°F+. 

Figure 4 The proposed reaction mechanism of the catalytic hydroliquefaction of Victorian brown coal.

Different types of other coal liquefaction processes have been also developed to convert coals to liqnid hydrocarbon fnels. These include high-temperature solvent extraction processes in which no catalyst is added. The solvent is usually a hydroaromatic hydrogen donor, whereas molecnlar hydrogen is added as a secondary source of hydrogen. Similar but catalytic liquefaction processes use zinc chloride and other catalysts, usually under forceful conditions (375-425°C, 100-200 atm). In our own research, superacidic HF-BFo-induced hydroliquefaction of coals, which involves depolymerization-ionic hydrogenation, was found to be highly effective at relatively modest temperatnres (150-170°C). 

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