Clonal Expansion MSCE Model

There is clear biological evidence that more than two mutational events are required for malignant transformation in most tissues (Bodmer et al. 1987 Jones et al. 2008 Luebeck and Moolgavkar 2002). The TSCE model is the simplest model that 

Constant Model Parameters. The hazard and survival functions for the MSCE model with constant paramet s have been derived previously (Luebeck and Moolgavkar 2002 Meza et al. 2005). In particular, the survival function for the k-stage model, S (t) (k 3), can be calculated iteratively by 

The hazard of the stage model can be obtained from the survival function using Eq. (25.2). In particular, 

Age-Dependent Parameters. The hazard and survival functions of the MSCE model with age-dependent parameters cannot be evaluated in closed form. However, they can be calculated using numerical techniques. See Little (1995), Little and Wright (2003) and Crump et al. (2005) for more details. 

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