Chromatography nonequilibrium theory

The above band-broadening mechanism assumes a more concrete form when it is described specifically for chromatography in Section 10.6. When this mechanism is expressed mathematically it becomes the nonequilibrium theory, an important tool describing zone evolution in chromatography (Section 10.6) and field-flow fractionation [2, 3J. 

Application of the Nonequilibrium Theory of Chromatography to a Variable Flow Correlation Model of Complex Flow and Coupling, P. D. Schettler and J. C. Giddings, J. Phys. Chem., 73, 2582 (1969). 

Generalized Nonequilibrium Theory of Plate Height in Large Scale Gas Chromatography, J. C. Giddings, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1, 38 (1963). 

Dynamics of Mass Transfer and the Generalized Nonequilibrium Theory of Chromatography, J. C. Giddings, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 69, 773 (1965). Theory A Practical Tool in Gas Chromatography, J. C. Giddings, Methodes Phys. Anal. (GAMS), 1, 13 (1966). 

Dense-Gas Chromatography of Nonvolatile Substances of High Molecular Weight, L. McLaren, M. N. Myers, and J. C. Giddings, Science, 159, 197 (1968). Nonequilibrium Theory of Field-Flow Fractionation, J. C. Giddings, J. Chem. Phys., 49, 81 (1968). 

In his nonequilibrium theory of chromatography, Giddings [67] attempted to derive a general relationship between the broadening of a chromatographic zone due to the mass transfer kinetics and the experimental parameters. Central to his approach, however, is the recognition that the two phases of the chromatographic column are always near equilibrium. 

As discussed already in Chapter 2 (Section 2.2.6), Giddings [10] has developed a nonequilibrium theory of chromatography and showed that the influence of the kinetics of mass transfers can be treated as a contribution to axial dispersion. As illustrated in Chapter 6, this approximation is excellent in linear chromatography, as long as the column efficiency exceeds 20 to 30 theoretical plates. 

J.C. Giddings (1959) Generalized nonequilibrium (non-ideal) theory of chromatography... 

Kucera, E. (1965) Contribution to the theory of chromatography/linear nonequilibrium elution./. Chromatogr.,... 

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