Chloride Ion Scavenging

The chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement materials in concrete influences the durability of the reinforced concrete structures (49). Waste residues of the production of bioethanol have been 

The lignin is obtained from the biomass by a two-step hydrolysis with phosphoric acid, followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis in order to remove the polysaccharides. The nitrogen in the lignin can be increased by a Mannich reaction, thus increasing the ionic capacity. It has been foimd that cationic lignin is suitable to catch chloride ions in concrete (49). 

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RCHjCl — RCHJir. This conversion can be effected in good yield with NaBr in DMF at 100° in the presence of methylene bromide as a chloride ion scavenger. The transformation can also be effected with NaBr and C.H,Br in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidin()nc at 60-70°, but this reaction requires several days. 

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