China antimony

Albemarle, Amcor, Clariant, GLCC Laurel LLC, China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co., Joseph Storey Ltd., Multiplas International, Omya, PolyChem Alloy Europe, United Mineral and Chemical Corp. (Note Albemarle has decided to sell antimony trioxide imported from China into the USA after signing a collaboration agreement with the China Antimony Chemicals Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd. (Mimnetals).)... 

World reserves of antimony (5) ate estimated to be from 4—5 million metric tons. Approximately 80% of the world s reserves are located in China, Bohvia, Russia, Thailand, the RepubHc of South Africa, and Mexico China has the world s largest reserves. The United States possesses only 2% of the world s reserves. Most of the antimony produced in the United States is from the complex antimony deposits found in Idaho, Nevada, Alaska, and... 

Total smelter output in the United States has been growing steadily since 1982 because of the growth in antimony oxide production. Primary antimony metal output has decreased since the 1970s because of the falling demand for antimony metal, and the availabihty of low cost metal from China. 

Imports and Exports. The availabihty of economical foreign sources of antimony, mainly from China, the RepubHc of South Africa, Mexico, Bohvia, and Russia, has resulted in an increase in the quantity of antimony imported for consumption. Since 1986, over 50% of the antimony imported by the United States originated in China (25). The majority of the antimony imported into the United States is now in the form of antimony oxide. Exports of antimony, as antimony oxide, increased during the 1980s. 

Bi X, Li Z, Zhuang X, Han Z, Yang W (2011) High levels of antimony in dust from e-waste recycling in southeastern China. Sci Total Environ 409(23) 5126-5128... 

In addition, the estimated deposits of nonferrous metals, including tin, antimony and tungsten, are said to be among the world s largest. Agricultural production, when modernized, will certainly increase greatly. The expression "wubo" has come to be widely used in China. 

Antimony is used in alloys, with lead for storage battery plates, with lead and tin in type metals and body solders, with tin and copper in bearing or antifriction metals. Antimony occurs chiefly as the sulfide (stibnite, Sb2S3) which is produced mainly in China, only small amounts in Mexico and Bolivia. Stibnite is (1) melted and reduced to antimony by iron metal and separated from fused ferrous sulfide (See also Stibnite) (2) roasted in air, and sublimed antimonous oxide collected and reduced by heating to fusion with carbon and sodium carbonate. 

Sfibnite is the most common antimony mineral known and is the chief ore of that metal. It is a primary orermneral and occurs with other antimony minerals and galena, sphalerite, and silver ores. It is found in Germany, Rumania, the Balkans, Italy, Borneo, Peru. Japan, China, Mexico and ill the United States in California and Nevada. 

Dai, S., Zeng, R. and Sun, Y. (2006) Enrichment of arsenic, antimony, mercury, and thallium in a Late Permian anthracite from Xingren, Guizhou, southwest China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 66(3), 217-26. 

Antimony oxide White lead Lead sulfate Cadmium red Lead silicochromate Lead chromates Zinc chromates Cadmium yellow Calcium plumbate Chromium oxide Prussian blue Ultramarine blue Lead Barytes whiting China clay Mica Talc... 

Manufacture. Antimony trisulphide is obtained from stibnite which occurs naturally in Bolivia, China, Hungary, Southern Africa. 

World production of antimony is about 68,000 tons per year. Table 6 shows world mine production by main countries . China, Bolivia, Mexico, the Republic of South Africa and the USSR accounted for 84% of the total world estimated mine production during 1989. 

In 2008, the largest producers of antimony were China, Bolivia, South Africa, Russia, and Tajikistan. The United States produced some antimony concentrate at a mine in Nevada and some antimony metal and oxide in Montana. According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), other states with antimony resources include Alaska and Idaho. 

The variety of substances used as additives in polymers is considerable. For example, the fillers may include china clay, various forms of calcium carbonate, talc, silicas (diatomaceous silica), silicates, carbon black, etc. The impact modifiers typically include other polymers. Plasticizers include certain polymers with low (oligomers), dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl sebacates, chlorinated paraffin waxes, liquid paraffinic fractions, oil extracts, etc. Heat stabilizers include heavy metals salts such as basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite (also acting as a light stabilizer), dibasic lead phthalate, stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octanoates of cadmium and barium, epoxide resins and oils, amines, diphenylurea, 2-phenylindole, aminocrotonates. The antioxidants include tris-nonyl phenyl phosphite, 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), octadecyl-3,5-di-terf-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, etc. The UV stabilizers include modified benzophenones and benzotriazoles. Processing lubricants include calcium stearate, stearic acid, lead stearate, various wax derivatives, glyceryl esters and long-chain acids. Fire retardants include antimony oxide, some pyrophosphates, etc. 

Antimony is among the less abundant elements in the earth s crust (0.6 ppm). The most important antimony ore is stibnite, which occurs in large quantities in China, South Africa, Bolivia, and other countries. Other antimony sulfide ores are tetrahedrite (Cu3Sb2S3), wolfsbergite (CuSbS2), and Jamesonite (FePb4Sb6Si4). Weathering of stibnite leads to valentinite (Sb2 03). 

Withinthe last few years Japan has ceased to be a factor in the antimony market. TluG United States cannot produce antimony with profit at prices below 20 c. per lb. Australia and China are likely to become the principal producers of antimony ores. Perhaps, with better facilities of transportation, the South American mines could be worked with profit. 

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