Carcinogenesis, chemical stages

Areas in which additional information is still needed relates to the role and relative importance of different adducts and the mechanisms by which they initiate cells. General principles are developing which will allow better predictions to be made at each of the stages of chemical carcinogenesis outlined in Table I. The ultimate goal therefore, would be, by a combined analysis of all these steps, to predict accurately the carcinogenicity of newly discovered or untested PAH derivatives. 

Berenblum, I., and Shubik, P. (1949). A new quantitative approach to the study of the stages of chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Br J Cancer 1, 383-390. 

Iversen, O. H. (1982). Hairless mouse skin in two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 38, 263-272. 

Multi-stage and Multifactorial Nature of Chemical Carcinogenesis... 

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