Charged kink

The associated ions then react with either negatively or positively charged kinks, e.g. 

Fig. 10. The boundary between the cis-transoid and the trans-cisoid structure, (a) The neutral and (b) charged kinks.

Figure 8. Models of positively charged and negatively charged kink sites on a silver halide (AgX) surface.

This chapter has presented a detailed study of the dynamics of nonlinear excitations of trun -polyacetylene chains. Neutral kinks move frictionless for velocities up to 3.5 times the velocity of sound and shake off phonons at higher velocities. Excitation leads to a localized defect, which breathes and later evolves into either a neutral or an oppositely charged kink-antikink pair moving apart. Injection of an electron leads to an oscillation between a delocalized charge distribution and the negative polaron state. Scattered neutral kinks are either trapped and form a breather or repel each other, depending on the occupation of their states. 

Claviher J, Orts JM, Gomez R, Pehn JM, Aldaz A. 1996. Comparison of electrosorption at activated polycrystaUine and Pt(531) kinked platinum electrodes. Surface voltammetry and charge displacement on potentiostatic CO adsorption. J Electroanal Chem 404 281-289. 

Figure 5.1 The structure of a glycerophospholipid. A simple diagram showing the charges on the head group. In this struction, palmitic and oleic acids, provide the hydrophobic component of the phospholipids and choline (and four bases) and the phosphate group provide the hydrophilic head. The unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, provides a kink in the structure and therefore some flexibility in the membrane structure which allows for fluidity. The more unsaturated the fatty acid, the larger is the kink and hence more fluidity in the membrane. Cholesterol molecules can fill the gaps left by the kink and hence reduce flexibility. Hydroxyl groups on the bases marked are those that form phosphoester links. Choline and inositol may sometimes be deficient in the diet so that they are, possibly, essential micronutrients (Chapter 15).

---