Charge state manipulation

Multiple-Charge-State Vacancy Model. On the basis of the previous discussion, diffusion depends upon the concentration of point defects, such as vacancies or self-interstitials, in the crystal. Therefore, diffusion coefficients can be manipulated by raising or lowering the concentration of point defects. 

Top-Down Sequence Analysis of the Whole Protein via Ion-Ion Reactions In favorable cases, multiply charged ESI-produced ions of an intact glycoprotein can be subjected to CID in a quadrupole ion trap to identify the glycosylation sites [86]. The charge state of the protein ions can be manipulated by an ion-ion reaction with [M - F ] and [M - CFs ] ions derived from perfluoro-l,3-dimethylcyclohexane. The charge reduction of the CID product ions by ion-ion reactions also simplifies the MS/MS spectrnm and facilitates... 

In the last example, a serious handicap is the extreme sensitivity of the calculations to the parameterization of the metal atoms. In a paper concerning the spin states of metal dimer complexes (38) as studied by EHT, heavy manipulation of the original theory was needed. In the field of transition metal coordination compounds self-consistent charge (SCC) calculations (of the type already mentioned for electronegative atoms) are essential to obtain the diagonal elements Hu. 

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