Characteristic ratio Chemical potential

Bi-directional flux of free cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins occurs, and rate constants characteristic of influx and efflux can be measured [17]. The direction of any net transfer of free cholesterol is determined by the relative free cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios of the donor and acceptor particles. Cholesterol diffuses down its gradient of chemical potential generally partitioning to the phospholipid-rich particle. Such a surface transfer process can lead to delivery of cholesterol to cells. This mechanism operates independently of any lipoprotein internalization by the receptor-mediated endocytosis. The influence of enzymes such as lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and hepatic lipase on the direction of net transfer of free cholesterol between lipoproteins and cells can be understood in terms of their effects of the pool sizes and the rate constants for influx and efflux. 

The textbook by Flory [2] includes the major results on the potentials of rotation and the characteristic ratios calculated on the basis of the chemical structure of polymers. 

The characteristic ratio Coo characterizes chain flexibility. It depends on the 6 and torsional potential and is determined by the chemical structure of the monomers [20]. The rotational isomeric state (RIS) model, introduced by P.J. Flory [20] is essentially an adaptation of the one-dimensional Ising model of statistical physics to chain conformations. This model restricts each torsion angle to a discrete set of states (e.g., trans, gauche , gauche"), usually defined around the minima of the torsional potential of a single bond, V((f>) (see Fig. 2d). This discretization, coupled with the locality of interactions, permits calculations of the conformational partition... 

Reciprocal screening length Larger-to-smaller particle size ratio Characteristic wavelength Stokes law correction factor Electrochemical potential of an ion Reference electrochemical potential of an ion Chemical potential of a particle Reference chemical potential of a particle Fluid kinematic viscosity Hydrodynamic pressure tensor Pressure between plates (disjoining pressure)... 

Selection at inclusion formation (see relative guest excess) is derived from steric as well as from chemical points of view. Hence, high discrimination is found for a combination of potential solvents differing in the functional group characteristic, e.g. if belonging to different classes of substances (see Entries 8-10). But also within the same class of substance, so far as a series of homologues and different substituted or branched compounds are concerned, discrimination is effected in up to a 90% ratio 33). 

In the case when the preceding chemical reaction occurs at a rate of the same order as the intervention time scale of cyclic voltammetry, the repercussions of the chemical complication on the potential of the electrode process are virtually negligible, whereas there is a significant effect on the current. In particular, it is characteristic of this mechanism that the forward current decreases with the scan rate much more than the reverse current. This implies that the current ratio ipr/ipf is always greater than 1, increasing as scan rates are increased. 

Ca is a comparatively difficult element for the body to absorb and digest. It is essentially only available for consumption associated with various other moieties (e.g., citrate, phosphate, and other anions). Each Ca source has unique physical, structural, and chemical properties such as mass, density, coordination chemistry, and solubility that are largely determined by the anions associated with the Ca +. Aqueous solubility of various Ca salts can vary markedly and comparisons are frequently made under standardized conditions. The water solubility of CCM is moderate when ranked versus other Ca sources frequently used as dietary supplements and food/beverage fortificants. The solubility of CCM (6 2 3 molar ratio) is 1.10-g salt in 100 ml of H2O at 25 °C (Fox et ah, 1993a). Table 6.4 lists the solubility of various Ca sources in water at specific temperatures, and also includes some information on potential sensory characteristics. 

Internal standard (IS) calibration requires ratioing of an analytical signal to an IS which has very similar characteristics to that of the analyte of interest (an element which is similar to the analyte either in mass, ionisation potential or chemical behaviour). Quantitative analysis applying internal standardisation is the most popular calibration strategy in ICP-MS, as improvements in precision are obtained when the technique is appropriately used. Of course, the validity of this calibration method requires that one ensures a good selection of the correct internal standard. For this purpose it is possible to resort to chemometric methods [16]. 

All iron-sulfur proteins, whether of the plant-type or the bacterial-type have three characteristics in common all contain the acid-labile sulfide in equimolar ratio to iron all show reduction potentials in the range from —240 to —420 mV (E0,pli = 7.0) and when these proteins are chemically-reduced (typically with dithionite), they display an uncommon EPR signal, known as the g = 1.94 signal. The oxidized forms of the proteins are not paramagnetic (159). 

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