Channel charge buildup

Extension of Time Scale Channel Charge Buildup and Bias Stress Effects. 105... 

Supramolecular chemists without BLM-workstation can determine gating charges in polarized vesicles (Fig. 11.8), using the HPTS assay for synthetic ion channels and the ANTS/DPX assay for synthetic pores (Fig. 11.5) [7]. To polarize vesicles, an inside-negative Nernst potential is applied with a potassium gradient (Eq. 11.6), osmotically balanced with sodium, coupled with the potassium carrier valinomycin at intermediate concentrations sufficient for rapid potential buildup without immediate collapse, and monitored by an emission increase of the externally added probe safranin O (Fig. 11.8a and b). 

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