Cerebellum diagram

Figure 30-15 (A) Diagram of the two-dimensional tree formed by dendrites of a single Purkinje cell of the cerebellum. From Llinas.404 (B) Schematic diagram showing input and output pathways for Purkinje cells. (C) Recordings of output from four different neurons of the inferior olive. These action potentials are thought to arise from oscillations that arise within the neurons or within arrays of adjacent neurons coupled by electrical (gap junction) synapses. These oscillations synchronize the generation of action potentials so that some cells oscillate in synchrony while others (e.g., cell 4 above) do not. From McCormick.412...

Fig. 19. The cell types in the adult rat cerebellum and their expression of the AMPA, NMDA and kainate receptor subunit mRNAs [circuit diagram adapted from Bahn and Wisden (1997) Cull-Candy et al. (1998)]. Excitatory terminals are open circles marked Inhibitory terminals are filled triangles marked and their cells are marked GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase).

Fig. 98. Cerebellum of the cat. The continuity in the folial chains of vermis and hemisphere is indicated by lines in the diagrams. CRI = crus I of the ansiform lobule CRII = crus II of the ansiform lobule FLO = flocculus LOB ANT/POST = anterior/posterior lobe PFLD = dorsal paraflocculus PFLV = ventral parafloc-culus PMD = paramedian lobule SI = simple lobule VII-X = lobules of the caudal vermis. Bigare (1980).

Fig. 152. Diagrams showing the topographic pattern of the projections from the various mediolateral levels of the tuber vermis (lobule VII) and the paramedian lobule to the cerebellar nuclear complex in the rat. A. Schematic diagram of the posterior surface of the cerebellum and subdivision of the tuber vermis and paramedian lobule, based on the topography of their projections. B. Schematic sagittal diagrams of the nuclear complex showing the terminal fields which receive projections from the individual subdivisions of the tuber vermis and paramedian lobule. AIN = anterior interposed nucleus cm = caudomedial sub-division of the medial nucleus Cop. pyr = copula pyramidis DLH = dorsolateral hump DLP = dorsolateral protuberance of the medial nucleus LN = lateral cerebellar nucleus LVN = lateral vestibular nucleus m = medial nucleus PIN = posterior interposed nucleus Pml = paramedian lobule. Umetani (1989).

Fig. 154. Regional variations in cerebellar corticogenesis. A. Diagram of the cerebellum of a two month human embryo. Unlabelled areas, small dots, large dots and black indicate successively more advanced stages in histogenesis. Redrawn from Jakob (1928). B. Subdivision of the mammalian cerebellum according to Jakob and Hayashi. Redrawn from Jakob (1928). A = medial corticogenetic zone of the vermis B = lateral cortico-genetic zone of the anterior vermis or pars intermedia FLO = flocculus.

Fig. 173. A summary diagram of nociceptive and non-nociceptive cutaneous climbing fiber input to lobules IV and V of the cerebellum of the cat. Forked arrows show branching of olivary axons to innervate pairs of zones (Ekerot and Larson, 1982). PF, primary fissure DAO, dorsal accessory olive MAO, medial accessory olive. Garwicz (1992).

Fig. 179. Diagram of lamellar and zonal distribution of olivary afferents and efferents in the rat. The two lamellae (folds) of the dorsal accessory olive (DAO, 1 and 2) and the horizontal lamella of the medial accessory olive (MAO, 3) appear to receive afferents mainly from the spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei while projecting to anterior vermis and parts of intermediate cerebellum. The medial MAO (vertical lamella, 4) receives afferents from the vestibular and visual areas and projects to the posterior vermis as well as the flocculus. The rostral lamella of MAO and both lamellae of the principal olive (PO) receive projections from higher centers and send fibers to the lateral hemispheres. In the lower part of the figure, three drawings of the inferior olive demonstrate the lamellae corresponding to their sagittal zones of projection in the cerebellum. Azizi and Woodward (1987).

Fig. 180. Schematic illustration of the result of D-[ H]aspartate injection into lobules IV and V of the cerebellum of the rat. In the sketches of the cerebellar sections, retrogradely labelled axons and axon collaterals are indicated by lines and dots. Filled dots in the olives indicate the location of labelled cells. Retrograde labelling in cells of the inferior olive is also illustrated in more detail in the diagrams on the right. BP = brachium pontis DAO = dorsal acessory olive DN = Deiters nucleus FN = fastigial nucleus LL = lateral lemniscus LLV = ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscusw MAO = medial accessory olive OI = inferior olive OS = superior olive PN = pontine nuclei PO = principal olive RB = restiform body I-X lobules I-X. Wiklund et al. (1984).

Fig. 185. The olivocerebellar projection to the pyramis and the uvula (lobules 8 and 9) of tbe rat cerebellum. A,B- Olivocerebellar projection zones of the lobules 8 and 9. C. Origin of these projections, indicated in diagrams of transverse sections through the inferior olive, a = subnucleus a of the medial accessory olive b = subnucleus b of the medial accessory olive beta = group beta c = subnucleus c of the medial accessory olive d = dorsal accessory olive dm = dorsomedial subnucleus m = medial accessory olive pr = principal olive 8 and 0 = lobules VIII and IX of Larsell. Relabelled and reproduced from Eisenman (1984).

Fig. 198. Diagram of the restiform body and middle cerebellar peduncle and their contributions to the cerebellar commissure. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DST) is part of the restiform body the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VST) enters the cerebellum after passing rostral to the trigeminal nerve. Voogd (1967).

Fig. 202. Cuneocerebellar projection to ipsilateral cerebellum in the cat. Left side diagrams from antegrade axonal transport of [ Hjleucine in transverse sections. Borders of compartments in adjacent Haggqvist-stained sections are indicated on the right. Abbreviations A(l-3) = A( 1-3) compartment A = concentration of mossy fibers in A compartment B = B compartment bp = brachium pontis Cl -tC2 = concentration of mossy fibers in Cl and C2 compartments Cl-3 = Cl-3 compartment C3 = concentration of mossy fibers in C3 compartment cr = restiform body D = Dcompartment D = concentration of mossy fibers in D compartment F = fastigial nucleus FL = flocculus HVI = hemisphere of lobule VI (simple lobule) lA = anterior interposed nucleus L = dentate nucleus PAR = paramedian lobule PFLD = dorsal paraflocculus PFLV = ventral paraflocculus X = X compartment X/B = concentration of mossy fibers in border region of X and B compartments. Gerrits et al. (1985b).

Fig. 204. Diagrams of the distribution of degenerated, silver impregnated spinocerebellar and pontocerebellar fibers after lesions of the cervical cord and the pes pontis with the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in sagittal (upper panels), transverse (middle panels) and horizontal sections (lower panels) through the cerebellum of Tupaia glis. Note zonal distribution in the vermis and pars intermedia and complementarity of the two projections to the cortex and to the cerebellar nuclei illustrated in middle and lower panels. ANS = antiform lobule cr = restiform body fl = primary fissure FLO = flocculus ia = anterior interposed nucleus ip = posterior interposed nucleus L = lateral cerebellar nucleus m = medial cerebellar nucleus PFL = parafloc-culus SI = simple lobule 1-X = lobules I-X. Voogd, unpublished.

Fig. 208. Diagram of the fractured somatotopy of the mossy fiber projections in the cerebellum of the rat. Patches with similar receptive fields are indicated with abbreviations for the stimulation sites on the head and the extremities. Redrawn from Welker (1987). Cr = crown El = eyelids Fbp = furry buccal pad FL = forelimb and hand G = gingiva HL = hindlimb I, II = crus I and II Li = lower incisor LI = lower lip Lob.ant. = anterior lobe lob.sim = lobulus simplex N = nose Nk = neck P = pinna PFL = paraflocculus PML = paramedian lobule PY = pyramis Rh = rhinarium Ui = upper incisor U1 = upper lip UV = uvula.

Fig. 1.4 Diagram of a dorsal view of the brainstem the cerebellum has been removed. The extent of the reticular formation within the brainstem is illustrated. The reticular formation is a polysynaptic network that consists of three regions a series of midUne raphe nuclei (the median reticular formation, which is the site of origin of the major serotonergic pathways in the nervous system) this is flanked bUateraUy by the paramedian reticular formation (an efferent system of magnoceUular neurons with ascending and descending projections) and farthest from the midhne, the lateral reticular formation, consisting of parvoceUular neurons that project transversely See also Color Insert)...

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