Cellulosic fibres modification

Cellophane is, after chemical modification, obtained from the cellulose in wood, just as paper (from cellulose and lignin), cellulose fibres ( rayon ), and cellulose plastics. Leather is made from animal hides in a tanning process. 

In the first part of this chapter, a survey of the most relevant works regarding the use of different natural lignocellulosic products as a biosorbent for various organic pollutants is presented. The adsorption capacity, the pollutant model used, and their regeneration aptitude are reported. Then a detailed investigation of the different strategies of chemical modification carried in view of the enhancement of the adsorption capacity of cellulosic fibres, with the possible regeneration and reuse of the sorbent is fully described. 

Different Strategies of Surface Chemical Modification of Cellulose Fibres... 

One of the most promising approaches regarding the surface modification of cellulose fibres toward the preparation of a sorbent based on cellulose substrate for the uptake of organic pollutant, calls upon CDI as an activation agent. CDI was first used in 1960 by Paul and Anderson [33] as a peptide coupling by... 

Boufi Sami, is Professor at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Sfax (FSS). His research activities include chemical modification of cellulose and carbohydrate materials, the synthesis of functional polymer for colloidal chemistry, and the exploitation of chemically modified cellulose fibres as reusable adsorbent for dissolved organic pollutants. 

Belgacem, M.N. Salon-Brochier, M.C. Krouit, M. Bras, J. Recent advances in surface chemical modification of cellulose fibres. J. Adh. Sci. Tech. 2011, 25 (6-7), 661-684. 

Hemmpel, W. H. (1991). The surface modification of woven and knitted cellulosic fibre fabrics by enzymatic degradation, Int Text. Bull—Dye./ Printing/Finishing., 3(1), 5-14. 

This present chapter is concerned with the surface and colloid chemistry of the papermaking process, including preparation of the fibre suspension, production of the base sheet and modification of its surface. The focus lies on surface chemical sub-processes of papermaking discussed with a view to end-use applications. A brief introduction to the surface chemical properties of cellulose fibres is also provided. For more comprehensive descriptions of different aspects of papermaking, the reader is referred to refs (1-3). 

The idea of generating a corrqrosite matmal based exclusively on cellulose fibres precursors arose in recent years through the concept of the partial chemical modification of the fibres, not limited this time to their surface OH groups, but, instead, to an in-depth process, itself limited to a modest thickness. In this way, a matmal could be generated in which the inner core maintains the original mechanical propaties of the urrmodified parts of the cellulose fibres, while its outer sleeve could now possess thamoplastic features given a suitable choice of chemical modification. Examples of this approach include esterification with carboxylic acids [17] and etherification with berrzyl chloride [18]. 

The purpose of this chapter is to deal with the surface modification of cellulose fibres in order to provide them with specific functionalities, so that they can play determining roles in such applications as reinforcing elements for composite materials, self-contained composite structures, anti-pollution aids, hybrid materials, superhydrophobic surfaces and conductive and magnetic materials. Other types of surface modifications, such as those associated with dying or the manufacture of chromosorb, enzymatic and ion-exchange supports, fall outside the scope of this review. Within the structure of this book, this chapter constitutes in many ways a bridge between the chemistry associated with bulk modification treated in Chapter 16 and the processing and properties of composite materials in Chapter 19, with the addition of more specific aspects. 

The surface modification of cellulose fibres, in view of their incorporation into macromolecular matrices in order to produce composite materials, has been extensively reviewed by us in recent years [18,19]. The corresponding materials have also been the subject of recent monographs [1, 5, 20-23] and are thoroughly updated in Chapter 19. 

Cellulose fibres modified by I were characterized by FTIR, SEM and WAXS to prove that the modification had preserved the substrate from structural changes and that the biodegradability of the modified fibres was maintained, albeit at a lower rate [38], Interestingly, even bactaial cellulose (Acetobacter xylinum), an original novel material discussed in Chapter 17, has been submitted to surface modification with I [39],... 

Nystrom et al. [43] recently reported the surface modification of cellulose fibres with a long perfiuoroalkyl chain, which was appended either directly or through an intermediate layer of OH-bearing polymers. Again, a highly hydrophobic character was obtained, but the authors failed to recognize the hydrolytic sensitivity of the grafted perfluoroester moieties. 

Belgacem M.N., Gandini A., Natural Fibre-Surface Modification and Characterisation, in Cellulose Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites (Eds. Sabu T. and Pothan L.), Old City Publishing, 2007. Chapter 3... 

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