Cell fragmentation, mechanically based

These mechanically based protein release methods have several undesirable properties. One problem is that extensive fragmentation of the cells makes the subsequent centrifugation difficult (2.3). Adding to the problem of cell fragment removal is the high viscosity imparted to the solution by the released nucleic acids (4). A nucleic acid removal step is necessary to decrease the solution viscosity and avoid potential interference with fractional precipitation and chromatography (5,). Another undesirable property is that the harsh action of mechanical disruption causes the release... 

Mechanisms - The basic mechanisms of DNA replication are quite similar in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. DNA replication is semiconservative and is continuous on one strand and discontinuous on the other. As in prokaryotes, eukaryotic replication entails the assembly of short RNA primer molecules, elongation from the primers by a DNA polymerase, and (on the discontinuous strand) ligation of Okazaki fragments. A significant difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication is in the smaller size of the Okazaki fragments in eukaryotic cells - about 135 bases long, or about the size of the DNA on a nucleosome. 

Endonucleases. Endonucleases provide for DNA cleavage into small ( 200 base pairs) fragments, which is an essential step in apoptotic cascade (Wyllie 1980 Wyllie 1998). Endonucleases are stimulated by Ca2+ and their activation was detected in several cell types undergoing apoptosis (McConkey et al., 1988 Aw et al., 1990). The intimate mechanisms of endonucleases action remain not fully described at least in part they can be explained through the involvement of caspase-3 activated endonuclease (or caspase-activated DNAase - (Enari et al., 1998)). Nonetheless, the chromatin fragmentation was also observed in cell (and caspase)-free system, when isolated nuclei were treated with Ca2+ and ATP, suggesting the existence of caspase-independent DNA cleavage mechanism (Jones et al., 1989). 

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