Caveolae action

Ferrying of molecules into cells via entry through caveolae may represent a way to traffic specifically cytotoxic molecules to specific action sites. For example, elevating the intracellular level of the sphingolipid ceramide is known to exert antimitogenic and proapoptotic effects. While ceramide is cell-permeable and displays antiapoptotic properties in vitro, systemic in vivo use of ceramide is hampered by its hydrophobicity. Using a C6-ceramide formulation in pegylated liposomes was shown to elicit a sixfold reduction in solid phase tumors, when compared to unloaded liposomes in a mouse model of breast adenocarcinoma [68],... 

The endosomes can be further divided into clathrin-coated pits and caveolae [25], The former is acidified and they deliver their contents to the lysosomes. Depending on the case, lysosomal delivery can be beneficial or vice versa. Nanosystems can be designed to release the drug resulting from the action of specific lysosomal enzymatic... 

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