Cathodic intercalation

The design of lithium ion batteries has been a great achievement toward overcoming this defect. In these rechargeable batteries, a carbon matrix material is used instead of hthium as the negative electrode which, during charging, takes up hthium ions by cathodic intercalation ... 

Preparation of binary-alkali metal graphites by cathodic reduction of graphite in molten salt electrolytes is possible in principle but has no advantage over conventional vapor-phase intercalation, particularly because of difficulties related to the separation of the product from the melt. Cathodic intercalation of alkali cations from solid or organic polymer electrolyte is also possible . 

Tab. 2 Data for net reactions (spaces) and partial reactions (lines) described in the text, ne = number of involved electrons mH+ = number of involved protons. The total cathodic reduction is described for an island mechanism differing from anodic formation. Partial current densities give the local current dependent on the coordinate x. Transference numbers t have to be considered within the oxide, for example, in case of oxide formation i = /i5 = /i6 + (17 = (f+ + t )i = i i4. In case of partial oxidation/reduction of an oxide by a combined ITR/ETR the local current densities of and have to be added i(x) = / is = ii7(x) + inM = ( e(x) + t-(x))/ = /14. Cathodic intercalation of protons takes place by a process analogue to anodic partial oxidation, differing only by the sign of / and the migration of protons instead of -ions...

A detailed treatment for spherical particles of cathode intercalation material is given by Barsoukov et al. [2003],... 

Different potential ranges were covered in different cathodic intercalation studies and hence different numbers of consecutive intercalations were investigated. Up to six consecutive intercalations of lithium... 

Data are available for cathodic intercalation of tetraalkylammonium (TAA+) cations into C60/C70/ polyethylene oxide composite [160] in propylene carbonate. The total number of the TAA" " cations intercalated per C o upon the first two reductions was 1.5 for the TBAI and 1 for the tetrapropylammo-nium iodide (TPAI) and TEAI supporting electrolytes. Cathodic intercalation processes were also studied for fluorinated C o [H5] as well as for C60(MoF6)9 [171]. 

---