Catalysis An Introduction

Catalysts change reaction rates by promoting different mechanisms for the reactions. It is to be noted that even though a catalyst is not consumed in the reaction, it does take part in the chemical reaction but is not observed in the overall reaction. Catalysts activate molecules and reduce the activation energy necessary for reactions to occur. Catalysts do not change the state of equilibrium they only act to increase the rates at which the equilibrium state is attained. Catalysts can affect yield and selectivity of a chemical reaction because of their ability to change the reaction mechanism. 

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Woodruff D P and Delohar T A 1986 Modern Techniques of Surface Science (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) Niemantsverdriet J W 1993 Spectroscopy in Catalysis, an Introduction (Weinheim VCH)... 

Figure 4.3 shows some statistics on the use of characterization techniques in catalysis. In this chapter we briefly introduce the most important of these methods and illustrate their use. Further examples can be found in subsequent chapters and in J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Spectroscopy in Catalysis, An Introduction (2000), Wiley-VCFI, Weinheim. 

Baltimore, 1996 [Reproduced from J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Spectroscopy in Catalysis, An Introduction (2000), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim]. 

Niemanlsverdricl, J.W. Spectroscopy in Catalysis An Introduction. John Wiley Sons. Inc.. New York. NY. 2000. 

Glorius F (2007) A-Heterocyclic carbenes in catalysis-an introduction. Top Organomet Chem 21 1-20... 

F. Glorius, W-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Catalysis—An Introduction, Top. Organomet. 

Niemantsverdriet J W1993 Spectroscopy in Catalysis, an Introduction (Weinheim VCH)... 

Fig. 2.3 Schematic UPS spectra of adsorbed species on a d-metal and the corresponding DOS of the metal and MOs of the adsorbed species [119]. 7. W Niemantsverdriet Spectroscopy in Catalysis An Introduction, page 69. 2007. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission...

Fig. 3.14 Schematic set-up of an electron microscope in the transmission (TEM) (a) and combined (TEM and STEM) (b) modes. Note how the dark field detector is off the central axis, as the dark field image is based on scattered electrons. The HAADF-STEM operation mode with bright— (on the central axis) and dark-field detectors (of the central axis) is shown in (c). Two different modes are available for dark field imaging, i.e. annular dark field (ADF) high-angle annular dark field (HAADF). Figures modified after [37]. J. W Niemantsverdriet Spectroscopy in Catalysis An Introduction, pages 182 and 187. 2007. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGoA. Reproduced with permission...

Niemantsverdriet, J. W. (2007). Spectroscopy in catalysis An introduction (3rd ed.). Wein-heim Wiley. 

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