Carotid duplex ultrasound

Nederkoorn, P.J., Y. van der Graaf, and M.G. Hunink, Duplex ultrasound ami magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis a systematic review. Stroke, 2003. 34(5) p. 1324-32. 

Hetzel A, Eckenweber B, Trummer B, WemzM, Schumacher M, von Reutern G. Colour-coded duplex sonography of preocclusive carotid stenoses. Eur J Ultrasound 1998 8(3) 183-191. 

Although duplex sonography is non-invasive and widely available, there are some difficulties that any ultrasound service must deal with (Box 12.1). Nonetheless, with stringent quality control and ideally with confirmation of stenosis by an independent observer, duplex sonography is now the most common way that carotid stenosis severe enough to warrant surgery is diagnosed (Chappell et al. 2006). 

Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. (2004). Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 351 2170-2178 Arnold JA, Modaresi KB, Thomas N et al. (1999). Carotid plaque characterization by duplex scanning observer error may undermine current clinical trials. Stroke 30 61-65... 

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