Card-pack structure

The sedimentation volume of the heterocoagulated sediment of a 8.0% w/v MN slurry and 0.1% w/v latex was 22 cm at pH 5.5. This was decreased to 13 cm when the pH was increased to 10 and in the presence of 350 ppm calcium chloride. This clearly shows that the more open card-house structure of EF association results in a much larger sedimentation volume of the floes than the card-pack structure of FF asociation brought about by high electrol3de concentration (111. This is well correlated with a decrease in floe size of the sediment with increase in pH at any particular concentration of calcium chloride as shown in Fig 3. 

CFC are produced via epitaxial deposition of carbon on the surface of metal catalyst. The filaments are shaped by graphite basal planes a filament can be imagined as either a pile of truncated cones put one onto another, each inside the next one, or, if flat, as a card pack [6,7]. Generally, a pile of cones with angle a made by the generatrix and the cones axes, varying from 0 to 90 , may be taken as a model of the CFC structure (Fig.2). The main structural parameters of the CFC s... 

There is then a sudden drop in the free energy as virtually all of the amphiphile molecules are incorporated into micelles, enabling their hydrophobic alkyl chains to be more or less completely shielded from the aqueous part of the phase. This leads to the familiar abrupt change in physical properties at the cmc. In chromonic systems there is also the aggregation of molecules in dilute solution before mesophase formation, but the pattern of association is different. The hydrophobic surfaces of the molecules cause them to aggregate in stacks like packs of cards. As these stacks grow, the fraction of the total hydrophobic surface area exposed to the aqueous part of the phase steadily falls, but there is no minimum free energy state, no cmc, and there is no structure directly comparable to the micelle [38]. 

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